Methods of Setting Out Survey
1. Setting out buildings by coordinates
2.Setting out with theodolite and level
3. Checking verticality
4. Setting out and alignment in steel framed buildings
5. Alignment and verticality in form work
6. Control and calculation for route surveying
#surveying
1. Setting out buildings by coordinates
2.Setting out with theodolite and level
3. Checking verticality
4. Setting out and alignment in steel framed buildings
5. Alignment and verticality in form work
6. Control and calculation for route surveying
#surveying
Civil_Engineering_Formulas_.pdf
4.1 MB
This handy book presents more than 2000 needed formulas for civil engineers to help them in the design office, in the field, and on a variety of construction jobs, anywhere in the world. These formulas are also useful to design drafters, structural engineers, bridge engineers, foundation builders, field engineers, professionals engineer license examination candidates, concrete specialists, timber-structure builders and students in a variety of civil engineering pursuits.
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👉Coffer_Dam
A cofferdam, also called a coffer, is an enclosure built within, or in pairs across, a body of water to allow the enclosed area to be pumped out. This pumping creates a dry working environment so that the work can be carried out safely.
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A cofferdam, also called a coffer, is an enclosure built within, or in pairs across, a body of water to allow the enclosed area to be pumped out. This pumping creates a dry working environment so that the work can be carried out safely.
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Standard Size of Rooms in Residential Building and their Locations:
Knowledge of standard size of rooms and their location in a residential building is important for planning of residential construction project. The room sizes and their location provides spaces for movement, sunlight and natural air for residents. We'll post standard sizes and preferable locations of different rooms.
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1. Drawing or Living Room:
Drawing room or living room is a common, comfortable and attractive place for sitting of family members and to receive friends and guests. Sometime it is used as reception room and dining room and special occasions.
Drawing room should be located in the middle of the building and should be connected to the front verandah and dining place. It should be well-lighted and ventilated.
Generally, drawing or living room is the biggest room of the building so that it can be utilized for some ceremonial function in the house. Size of the drawing room should be determined by type of furniture to be used.
Standard size of drawing room may range from: 4200mm (14ft) X 4800 mm (16ft) to 5400mm (18ft) X 7200mm (24ft)
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Knowledge of standard size of rooms and their location in a residential building is important for planning of residential construction project. The room sizes and their location provides spaces for movement, sunlight and natural air for residents. We'll post standard sizes and preferable locations of different rooms.
#Share #Share
1. Drawing or Living Room:
Drawing room or living room is a common, comfortable and attractive place for sitting of family members and to receive friends and guests. Sometime it is used as reception room and dining room and special occasions.
Drawing room should be located in the middle of the building and should be connected to the front verandah and dining place. It should be well-lighted and ventilated.
Generally, drawing or living room is the biggest room of the building so that it can be utilized for some ceremonial function in the house. Size of the drawing room should be determined by type of furniture to be used.
Standard size of drawing room may range from: 4200mm (14ft) X 4800 mm (16ft) to 5400mm (18ft) X 7200mm (24ft)
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@engineer03
⏩TYPES OF PIPES COMMONLY USED IN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
⭕
▶TYPES OF PIPES:
The types of pipes commonly used in water
distribution system are described below.
.
⭕1. CAST IRON PIPES:
.
Cast iron pipes or CI pipes are broadly utilized for distribution of water because they are less
expensive, corrosion resistant, and long lasting.
CI pipes are mainly produced by following four techniques.
.
1. Horizontally cast ( MC ware pipes)
2. Vertically cast ( Pit cast in sand molds)
3. Centrifugally cast in sand lines molds spun
type.
4. Centrifugally cast in water cooled molds.
Uses of horizontally cast CI pipes are presently pretty much outdated, that’s why they are infrequently produced these days. Centrifugally cast pipes are most widely used because they have more grained dense structure and uniform thickness. Generally, CI pipes are 3-6 m long, so much heavy, and require extra care to avoid from damaging while transporting and creating connections.
.
⭕2. STEEL PIPES:
.
Steel pipes are utilized in water mains circumstances where the pipes are going through very high pressure ( More than 7 kg/cm2) and required large diameter pipes. These pipes have greater strength and less weight than CI pipes. Satisfactory treatments should be given to maintain antagonistic climatic conditions.
.
⭕3. GALVANIZED IRON PIPES:
.
Galvanized pipes are also known as GI pipes are fashioned steel pipes with zinc coating. GI pipes are mostly utilized for water supply and service connections.
.
⭕4. COPPER PIPES:
.
Copper pipes are most commonly utilized in hot water supply establishment. Some features of
this pipes are as following:
1. They possess high tensile strength.
2. They can be bent easily.
3. Copper pipes can be used in thin wall. Copper pipes are sometimes chromium plated to enhance their appearance and to match with the chromium plated water supply fittings.
.
⭕5. POLYTHENE PIPES:
.
Polythene and PVC pipes are being utilized progressively nowadays for cold water supply inside and outside works. These pipes are lightweight, cheaper, corrosion resistant, and require no threading for making any connections.
Besides these, there are other pipes commonly used for water distribution such as :
asbestos cement (AC) pipes,
reinforced concrete (RCC) pipes,
prestressed reinforced concrete (PSC) pipes etc.
.
The selection of the types of pipe for utilizing any purposes is adopted according to the design criteria, material availability, cost, and other comparative variables.
⭕
▶TYPES OF PIPES:
The types of pipes commonly used in water
distribution system are described below.
.
⭕1. CAST IRON PIPES:
.
Cast iron pipes or CI pipes are broadly utilized for distribution of water because they are less
expensive, corrosion resistant, and long lasting.
CI pipes are mainly produced by following four techniques.
.
1. Horizontally cast ( MC ware pipes)
2. Vertically cast ( Pit cast in sand molds)
3. Centrifugally cast in sand lines molds spun
type.
4. Centrifugally cast in water cooled molds.
Uses of horizontally cast CI pipes are presently pretty much outdated, that’s why they are infrequently produced these days. Centrifugally cast pipes are most widely used because they have more grained dense structure and uniform thickness. Generally, CI pipes are 3-6 m long, so much heavy, and require extra care to avoid from damaging while transporting and creating connections.
.
⭕2. STEEL PIPES:
.
Steel pipes are utilized in water mains circumstances where the pipes are going through very high pressure ( More than 7 kg/cm2) and required large diameter pipes. These pipes have greater strength and less weight than CI pipes. Satisfactory treatments should be given to maintain antagonistic climatic conditions.
.
⭕3. GALVANIZED IRON PIPES:
.
Galvanized pipes are also known as GI pipes are fashioned steel pipes with zinc coating. GI pipes are mostly utilized for water supply and service connections.
.
⭕4. COPPER PIPES:
.
Copper pipes are most commonly utilized in hot water supply establishment. Some features of
this pipes are as following:
1. They possess high tensile strength.
2. They can be bent easily.
3. Copper pipes can be used in thin wall. Copper pipes are sometimes chromium plated to enhance their appearance and to match with the chromium plated water supply fittings.
.
⭕5. POLYTHENE PIPES:
.
Polythene and PVC pipes are being utilized progressively nowadays for cold water supply inside and outside works. These pipes are lightweight, cheaper, corrosion resistant, and require no threading for making any connections.
Besides these, there are other pipes commonly used for water distribution such as :
asbestos cement (AC) pipes,
reinforced concrete (RCC) pipes,
prestressed reinforced concrete (PSC) pipes etc.
.
The selection of the types of pipe for utilizing any purposes is adopted according to the design criteria, material availability, cost, and other comparative variables.
Basic design and visual Arts
Part one
የ Art አጀማመር / ስነ ጥብ
****
የሰው ልጅ በጥንት ጊዜ ዋሻ ውስጥ በሚኖርበት ጊዜ በድንጋይ የእጅ መሳሪያዎችን ጠርቦ ያዘጋጅ ነበር። በሚኖርበትም ዋሻ ውስጥ የተለያዩ ስህሎችን ይስሉ ነበር የተሳለውን ነገርም በደቀቀ ከሰል ይቀቡት ነበር። ይህን እንደ Art ከቆጠርነው የሰው ልጅ ከ Art ጋር የተዋወቀው ከፍጥረቱ አንስቶ ነው ማለት ነው።
Art ለ 4 ይከፈላል
1. Fine art
2. Applied art
3. Visual art
4. Performing art
1. Fine art
It’s an art considered to have been created primarily for aesthetic and intellectual purposes and judged for its beauty and meaningless.
ለእይታ ወማረክ እና ምርምር ላይ የሚያተኩር የ Art አይነት ነው።
Example:- painting, sculpture, drawings, watercolor, graphics , and architecture.
2. Applied art
It’s the application of artistic design to utilitarian objects in every day use. Whereas fine art has no function other than providing aesthetic or intellectual stimulation to the viewer.
Artistic ንድፎችን ለእለት ተእለት መገልገያነት ስናውል Applied Art ይባላል።
Example:- chair , fork , plate , glass etc....
3. Visual art
It’s primarily for visual perception. Visual arts are arts that we see which are flat or 2D but not always.
Example:- paintings , drawings , photography, and Compiuter art.
“Visual art” means two dimensional things , sculpture and architecture come under separate headings . Likewise , visual works of art stay in one place , unmoving while we observe them. For this reason arts —- stage , screen , music and dance arts —- also come under their own separate headings.
4. Performing art
Forms of creative activity that are performed in front of an audience, such as drama, music and dance.
➡️ Design (ንድፍ)
The word “design “is plan in mind .
ለምሳሌ አለማችን ውስጥ ብዙ የወንበር ንድፍ አለ ነገር ግን ሁሉንም አይነት ወንበር የሰው ልጅ መለየት ይችላል ምክንያቱም ወንበር ምለው ነገር አንዴ ጭንቅላታችን ላይ ስለተቀመጠ።
Design visual element
7 integral components used in the creation of a design: known as element of art
0. Point
1. Line
2. Color
3. Form
4. Shape
5. Space
6. Texture
7. Value
To be continued.........
ይቀጥላል ....
.
⚡አሁኑኑ Join በማረግ እና ለጓደኛዎ እና ለሚያቁት ሁሉ ሼር ያድርጉ።
👇@engineer03
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Part one
የ Art አጀማመር / ስነ ጥብ
****
የሰው ልጅ በጥንት ጊዜ ዋሻ ውስጥ በሚኖርበት ጊዜ በድንጋይ የእጅ መሳሪያዎችን ጠርቦ ያዘጋጅ ነበር። በሚኖርበትም ዋሻ ውስጥ የተለያዩ ስህሎችን ይስሉ ነበር የተሳለውን ነገርም በደቀቀ ከሰል ይቀቡት ነበር። ይህን እንደ Art ከቆጠርነው የሰው ልጅ ከ Art ጋር የተዋወቀው ከፍጥረቱ አንስቶ ነው ማለት ነው።
Art ለ 4 ይከፈላል
1. Fine art
2. Applied art
3. Visual art
4. Performing art
1. Fine art
It’s an art considered to have been created primarily for aesthetic and intellectual purposes and judged for its beauty and meaningless.
ለእይታ ወማረክ እና ምርምር ላይ የሚያተኩር የ Art አይነት ነው።
Example:- painting, sculpture, drawings, watercolor, graphics , and architecture.
2. Applied art
It’s the application of artistic design to utilitarian objects in every day use. Whereas fine art has no function other than providing aesthetic or intellectual stimulation to the viewer.
Artistic ንድፎችን ለእለት ተእለት መገልገያነት ስናውል Applied Art ይባላል።
Example:- chair , fork , plate , glass etc....
3. Visual art
It’s primarily for visual perception. Visual arts are arts that we see which are flat or 2D but not always.
Example:- paintings , drawings , photography, and Compiuter art.
“Visual art” means two dimensional things , sculpture and architecture come under separate headings . Likewise , visual works of art stay in one place , unmoving while we observe them. For this reason arts —- stage , screen , music and dance arts —- also come under their own separate headings.
4. Performing art
Forms of creative activity that are performed in front of an audience, such as drama, music and dance.
➡️ Design (ንድፍ)
The word “design “is plan in mind .
ለምሳሌ አለማችን ውስጥ ብዙ የወንበር ንድፍ አለ ነገር ግን ሁሉንም አይነት ወንበር የሰው ልጅ መለየት ይችላል ምክንያቱም ወንበር ምለው ነገር አንዴ ጭንቅላታችን ላይ ስለተቀመጠ።
Design visual element
7 integral components used in the creation of a design: known as element of art
0. Point
1. Line
2. Color
3. Form
4. Shape
5. Space
6. Texture
7. Value
To be continued.........
ይቀጥላል ....
.
⚡አሁኑኑ Join በማረግ እና ለጓደኛዎ እና ለሚያቁት ሁሉ ሼር ያድርጉ።
👇@engineer03
@engineer03