GLASS - መስታወት
➠ Glass is a solid-transparent material that is used in numerous applications in our daily lives.

✅ መስታወት ጠጣር የሆነ ብርሃን አስተላላፊ ማቴሪያል ሲሆን በህይወታችን ውስጥ ለብዙ ስራዎች ያገለግላል። በኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፍ ደግሞ መስታወት finishing material በመሆን ያገለግላል።

➠ Glass is made from natural and abundant raw materials (sand, soda ash and limestone) that are melted at very high temperature to form a new material called glass.

✅ የሸክላ አፈር፥ ሶዳAsh ፥ አሸዋና በከፍተኛ ሙቀት በማቅለጥ መስታወትን ማምረት ይቻላል።

➠ At high temperature glass is structurally similar to liquids, however at ambient temperature it behaves like solids. As a result, glass can be poured, blown, press and molded into plenty of shapes.

✅ መስታወት በከባድ ሙቀት ፈሳሽ ስለሚሆን በፈለግነው ቅርጽ ሞልድ ማድረግ ይቻላል።

➠ There are various types of glasses used in construction and the use of these glasses depends on the purpose. Various purposes of glass can be used in natural lighting, doors, windows, balconies etc.

Glasses could be Sparkling, transparent, delicate, bullet proof, brittle, insulating, etc.
✅ መስታወት የራሱ የሆነ ባህርይ አለው ይህም ተሰባሪ፥ አንጸባራቂ፥ ብርሃን አስተላላፊ ፥ አለፍ ሲል ደግሞ በጥንካሬው መጠን ጥይትን የማያሳልፍ ሊሆኖ ይችላል።

➠ Glass as one of the most interesting and useful building materials in use today, with more applications and installation techniques constantly in development.
✅ መስታወት ለህንጻ ውበት፣ የቤት ውስጥ ደግሞ ውበትን ለመጠበቅና ለተለያዩ እቃዎች መስሪያ ይጠቅማል።

➠ Consequently, the methods used to install these products in construction projects varies with the exact form and type of glass being used. Probably the most familiar forms are fiberglass products, used for insulation and translucent panels, transparent blocks, and window glass.

➠ Translucent fiberglass panels are installed using support framing where light but not visibility is desired. And of course, transparent glass windows are usually glazed into framing and installed as a prefabricated building element.

➠ Architectural glass is glass that is used as a building material. It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature.
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HOW TO CHECK SAND QUALITY IN FIELD?

There are some useful tests that can be done in the field for
checking
the quality of sand utilized for construction. The following
tests may
be performed to determine the characteristics of sand.
FIELD TEST OF SAND:
1. Take a glass and add some water in it.
2. Add a few amount of sand in the glass. At that point, shake
it
vivaciously and permit it to settle. If there is clay present in
the sand,
an apparent layer will be formed at the top level of sand.
3. Mix the sand into sodium hydroxide or caustic soda
solution to
distinguish the presence of organic impurities. If organic
impurities'
are present in the sand, the color of the solution will be turned
into
brown.
4. Now take a squeeze of sand and taste it. If it is salty that
means
salt is present in the sand.
5. Take little amount of sand in the hand, and then rub it
against the
fingers. If the fingers are recolored it means sand consists of
some
earthy materials.
6. The color of sand describes the cleanness of sand. The size
and
sharpness might be examined by touching and watching
visually.
7. The sand may be examined by mechanical analysis to know
its
fineness, durability, void ratio etc.

⚡አሁኑኑ Join በማረግ እና ለጓደኛዎ እና ለሚያቁት ሁሉ ሼር ያድርጉ።👇👇@engineer03
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CAUSES OF CRACKS IN CONCRETE YOU SHOULD KNOW


Cracking is one of the most common problems in concrete
and it
should be avoided seriously. Different causes of cracks in
concrete
are described below:
1. SHRINKAGE:
Shrinkage is one of the major causes of cracking in hardened
concrete. In drying shrinkage, the volume of concrete is
gradually
decreased and if the component is restrained against free
movement,
tensile stresses are developed which causes cracks.
2. TEMPERATURE CHANGES:
The temperature variation in concrete results in the
differential
volume change. When the tensile strain capacity of concrete
exceeds
due to the differential volume change, it will crack.
3. CHEMICAL REACTION:
Due to the alkaline nature of cement, it reacts with the carbon
dioxide
(CO2) present in the atmosphere resulting in an appreciable
increase
in the volume of the materials which finally leads to cracking.
4. POOR CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES:
Poor construction practices such as adding excessive water to
the
mix, lack of curing, poor compaction, using low-grade
materials,
unreasonable placements of construction joints etc. are also
responsible for cracking in concrete.
5. ERRORS IN DESIGN & DETAILING:
Errors in design and detailing such as an inadequate amount
of
reinforcement, improper design of foundation, precast
members and
slabs, improper selection of materials, lack of sufficient
contraction
joints etc may result in excessive cracking.
6. CONSTRUCTION OVERLOADS & EARLY FORMWORK
REMOVAL:
The load induced in the structure during construction can also
lead to
cracking especially at the younger stage when the formwork is
removed earlier.
7. ELASTIC DEFORMATION AND CREEP:
The different components of the building such as wall,
column, beam.
slab etc undergo elastic deformation when loaded. The
deformation of
concrete depends on the type of building materials used in the
construction such as bricks, cement concrete blocks etc. This
unusual deformation of concrete results in cracking.
8. CORROSION OF CONCRETE:
The corrosion of steel develops a huge amount of iron oxides
and
hydroxide that have a much greater volume than the volume of
metallic iron.
.
⚡አሁኑኑ Join በማረግ እና ለጓደኛዎ እና ለሚያቁት ሁሉ ሼር ያድርጉ።
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ውድ ቤተሰቦቻችን በሀሰተኛ ገፆች እንዳትታለሉ!

በኢትዮ ቴሌኮም ስም እንዲሁም በጤና ሚኒስቴር ስም የተለያዩ ሀሰተኛ የቴሌግራም ገፆች ተከፍተዋል።

በዚህ ፈታኝ ወቅት አንዳንድ አካላት አጋጣሚውን በመጠቀም ለማጭበርበር እየሞከሩ ነው። ሌሎች ደግሞ ተከታይ ለማፍራት ሲሉ የማያደረጉት ነገር የለም።

በሀሰተኛ መረጃ እና በሀሰተኛ ገፅ እንዳትታለሉ ለማሳውቀ እንወዳለን። ጤና ሚኒስቴር የቴሌግራም አድራሻዬ ይሄ ነው ብሎ በይፋ ያሳውቀው ነገር የለም።
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