English Grammar
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Shailesh Ramanuj
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*TWO TWO TWO and TWO*
2️⃣2️⃣2️⃣2️⃣2️⃣2️⃣2️⃣

🟤Two — number equivalent to the sum of one and one; one less than three;
"two years ago"

🟣second — constituting number two in a sequence; coming after the first in time or order;
"he married for a second time"

🟤double — adjective: consisting of two equal, identical, or similar parts or things.
"double doors"

🟣twice — adverb: two times; on two occasions.
"the earl married twice"

🟤twofold — adjective: (two-fold) twice as great or as numerous.
"a twofold increase in the risk"

🟣duo — a pair of people or things, especially in music or entertainment.
"the comedy duo Laurel and Hardy"

🟤pair — a set of two things used together or regarded as a unit.
"a pair of gloves"

🟣Twosome — a group of two persons or things
"those sisters are a constant twosome, going everywhere together"

🟤Couple — two people or things of the same sort considered together.
"a couple of girls were playing marbles"

🟣dual — consisting of two parts, elements, or aspects.
"their dual role at work and home"

🟤two-faced — adjective insincere and deceitful.
"I soon learned that he was two-faced"
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SV RAMANUJ
*Spotting Errors*
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On my request Rajesh introduced me to his brother who is dancer and novelist.
✔️ On my request Rajesh introduced me to his brother who is *a dancer* and novelist.
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The United Kingdom is aiming at double its foreign trade with China by 2020.
✔️ The United Kingdom is aiming at *doubling* its foreign trade with China by 2020.
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Forty three students went to the temple yesterday to see the function at the temple.
✔️ Forty three students went to the temple yesterday to see the function *there.*
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The Central government plans to form an empowered group under the Petroleum Minister for grant operational flexibility in enforcing oil and gas countries.
✔️ The Central government plans to form an empowered group under the Petroleum Minister for *granting* operational flexibility in enforcing oil and gas countries.
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The rich cannot accumulate wealth without the cooperation of poor in the society.
✔️ The rich cannot accumulate wealth without the cooperation of *the poor* in the society.
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SV RAMANUJ
1
*Ten Words of the Day*
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*1. Acclaim (VERB): (प्रशंसा करना) – praise publicly*
*Synonyms: applaud, appreciate*
*Antonyms: criticize*
*Example: The film was widely acclaimed by critics.*
(फिल्म को आलोचकों ने खूब सराहा।)

*2. Baffle (VERB): (हैरान करना) – confuse*
*Synonyms: puzzle, bewilder*
*Antonyms: clarify*
*Example: The sudden decision baffled everyone.*
(अचानक लिए गए फैसले ने सबको हैरान कर दिया।)

*3. Concede (VERB): (स्वीकार करना / मान लेना) – admit*
*Synonyms: acknowledge, accept*
*Antonyms: deny*
*Example: He conceded his mistake.*
(उसने अपनी गलती स्वीकार कर ली।)

*4. Deficit (NOUN): (घाटा) – shortage*
*Synonyms: shortfall, loss*
*Antonyms: surplus*
*Example: The country is facing a trade deficit.*
(देश व्यापार घाटे का सामना कर रहा है।)

*5. Eliminate (VERB): (समाप्त करना) – remove*
*Synonyms: eradicate, abolish*
*Antonyms: retain*
*Example: Efforts were made to eliminate corruption.*
(भ्रष्टाचार खत्म करने के प्रयास किए गए।)

*6. Feasible (ADJECTIVE): (व्यावहारिक / संभव) – workable*
*Synonyms: possible, practical*
*Antonyms: impossible*
*Example: The plan is financially feasible.*
(यह योजना आर्थिक रूप से संभव है।)

*7. Halt (VERB/NOUN): (रोकना / रुकावट) – stop*
*Synonyms: pause, suspend*
*Antonyms: continue*
*Example: The project was halted due to protests.*
(विरोध के कारण परियोजना रोक दी गई।)

*8. Imminent (ADJECTIVE): (शीघ्र होने वाला) – about to happen*
*Synonyms: impending, near*
*Antonyms: distant*
*Example: Heavy rainfall is imminent.*
(भारी वर्षा शीघ्र होने वाली है।)

*9. Mitigate (VERB): (कम करना / प्रभाव घटाना) – reduce severity*
*Synonyms: lessen, ease*
*Antonyms: worsen*
*Example: Measures were taken to mitigate losses.*
(नुकसान कम करने के लिए उपाय किए गए।)

*10. Resolve (VERB/NOUN): (सुलझाना / संकल्प) – settle*
*Synonyms: decide, determine*
*Antonyms: hesitate*
*Example: The issue was resolved peacefully.*
(मुद्दा शांतिपूर्वक सुलझा लिया गया।)
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SV RAMANUJ
1
`Advanced One-Word Substitutions (261–280)```
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261. Ameliorate – To make something better or improve.

262. Antithesis – A direct opposite or contrast.

263. Arduous – Very difficult; requiring great effort.

264. Benevolent – Kind, charitable, well-meaning.

265. Conundrum – A confusing and difficult problem.

266. Credulous – Too ready to believe; gullible.

267. Cynical – Distrustful of human sincerity or goodness.

268. Didactic – Intended to teach or instruct (often moral).

269. Eloquent – Fluent and persuasive in speaking or writing.

270. Exonerate – To free from blame or accusation.

271. Frivolous – Not serious; lacking importance.

272. Hackneyed – Overused; lacking originality.

273. Impetuous – Acting suddenly without thought.

274. Indolent – Lazy; avoiding work.

275. Juxtapose – To place side by side for comparison.

276. Mendacious – Dishonest; lying.

277. Ostentatious – Showy; designed to impress.

278. Palpable – Easily felt or perceived.

279. Resilient – Able to recover quickly from difficulties.

280. Spurious – False; not genuine.
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SV RAMANUJ
1
*Boost your Vocabulary*

551. Immaculate – बिलकुल स्वच्छ/निर्दोष – Spotless

552. Juxtaposition – साथ-साथ रखना – Comparison

553. Knack – विशेष कौशल – Skill

554. Lament – विलाप करना – Mourn

555. Mundane – साधारण/दैनिक – Ordinary

556. Notorious – कुख्यात – Infamous

557. Opulent – अत्यंत समृद्ध – Wealthy

558. Pernicious – अत्यंत हानिकारक – Deadly

559. Quell – दबाना – Suppress

560. Resilient – शीघ्र उबरने वाला – Tough

561. Sagacity – दूरदर्शिता – Wisdom

562. Tenet – सिद्धांत – Principle

563. Uncanny – अजीब/रहस्यमय – Strange

564. Valiant – वीर – Brave

565. Wane – घट जाना – Decline

566. Xenial – अतिथि-सत्कारप्रिय – Hospitable

567. Yearning – तीव्र इच्छा – Longing

568. Zeal – उत्साह – Enthusiasm

569. Apathy – उदासीनता – Indifference

570. Brisk – तेज/फुर्तीला – Quick

571. Clandestine – गुप्त – Secret

572. Deft – निपुण – Skillful

573. Empathy – सहानुभूति – Compassion

574. Feasible – संभव – Possible

575. Gullible – आसानी से विश्वास करने वाला – Credulous

576. Hinder – बाधा डालना – Obstruct

577. Incessant – निरंतर – Continuous

578. Judicious – विवेकपूर्ण – Wise

579. Keen – तीक्ष्ण/उत्सुक – Sharp

580. Lucid – स्पष्ट – Clear
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SV RAMANUJ
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2
TENSES IN ENGLISH WITH EXAMPLES AND FORMULA

1. Simple Present – Subject + V¹ (+ s/es/ies)
- She walks to school every day.
- They play football on weekends.

2. Present Continuous – Subject + am/is/are + V‑ing
- I am cooking dinner right now.
- They are studying for their exams.

3. Present Perfect – Subject + have/has + V³
- We have visited the museum twice.
- He has completed his homework.

4. Present Perfect Continuous – Subject + have/has + been + V‑ing
- She has been reading for two hours.
- They have been working here since January.

5. Simple Past – Subject + V²
- He watched a movie last night.
- We traveled to Italy last summer.

6. Past Continuous – Subject + was/were + V‑ing
- I was sleeping when you called.
- They were playing outside during the rain.

7. Past Perfect – Subject + had + V³
- She had left before the meeting started.
- We had finished the project by noon.

8. Past Perfect Continuous – Subject + had + been + V‑ing
- He had been running for an hour before it rained.
- They had been waiting for the bus since morning.

9. Simple Future – Subject + will + V¹
- I will call you tomorrow.
- She will start her new job next week.

10. Future Continuous – Subject + will + be + V‑ing
- At 9 p.m., we will be watching the match.
- She will be traveling during the holidays.

11. Future Perfect – Subject + will + have + V³
- By next month, they will have finished the course.
- I will have written the report by Friday.

12. Future Perfect Continuous – Subject + will + have + been + V‑ing
- By 2026, he will have been teaching for 20 years.
- She will have been working here for a decade by December.
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Education Abbreviations🔥

1. GPA – Grade Point Average
2. CGPA – Cumulative Grade Point Average
3. CV – Curriculum Vitae
4. TOEFL – Test of English as a Foreign Language
5. SAT – Scholastic Assessment Test
6. ACT – American College Testing
7. PTA – Parent-Teacher Association
8. ID – Identification
9. IELTS – International English Language Testing System
10. BA – Bachelor of Arts
11. BSc / BS – Bachelor of Science
12. BCom – Bachelor of Commerce
13. BBA – Bachelor of Business Administration
14. MA – Master of Arts
15. MSc / MS – Master of Science
16. MBA – Master of Business Administration
17. MPhil – Master of Philosophy
18. PhD – Doctor of Philosophy
19. SSC – Secondary School Certificate
20. HSC – Higher Secondary Certificate
Word = Synonym
1. Happy = joyful
2. Fast = rapid
3. Big = large
4. Small = tiny
5. Smart = clever
6. Easy = simple
7. Hard = difficult
8. Begin = start
9. End = finish
10. Buy = purchase
11. Sell = trade
12. Help = assist
13. Speak = talk
14. See = observe
15. Love = adore
16. Hate = detest
17. Clean = tidy
18. Dirty = filthy
19. Strong = powerful
20. Weak = fragile
21. Funny = amusing
22. Serious = solemn
23. Rich = wealthy
24. Poor = needy
25. Quiet = silent
26. Loud = noisy
27. Bright = radiant
28. Dark = dim
29. Old = ancient
30. Young = youthful
31. Beautiful = lovely
32. Ugly = hideous
33. Angry = furious
34. Calm = peaceful
35. Tired = exhausted
36. Energetic = lively
37. Honest = sincere
38. Dishonest = deceitful
39. Brave = courageous
40. Scared = fearful
41. Right = correct
42. Wrong = mistaken
43. Safe = secure
44. Dangerous = hazardous
45. Thin = slim
46. Fat = overweight
47. Quick = speedy
48. Slow = sluggish
49. Cold = chilly
50. Hot = warm
51. Wet = damp
52. Dry = arid
53. Tall = high
54. Short = brief
55. Wide = broad
56. Narrow = thin
57. Soft = gentle
58. Hard = tough
59. Kind = caring
60. Mean = cruel
61. Lazy = idle
62. Busy = active
63. Early = prompt
64. Late = delayed
65. Safe = protected
66. Risky = dangerous
67. Neat = orderly
68. Messy = untidy
69. Clear = obvious
70. Confusing = unclear
71. True = accurate
72. False = incorrect
73. Deep = profound
74. Shallow = superficial
75. Bitter = harsh
76. Sweet = sugary
77. Strong = sturdy
78. Weak = feeble
79. Thick = dense
80. Thin = lean
81. Soft = smooth
82. Rough = coarse
83. Polite = courteous
84. Rude = impolite
85. Funny = hilarious
86. Sad = sorrowful
87. Angry = mad
88. Happy = cheerful
89. Bright = brilliant
90. Dark = shadowy
91. Quick = brisk
92. Slow = leisurely
93. Loud = thunderous
94. Quiet = hushed
95. Rich = affluent
96. Poor = impoverished
97. Clean = spotless
98. Dirty = grimy
99. Easy = effortless
100. Difficult = challenging
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