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Covalent bonds are a strong intermolecular force where atoms share electrons, forming molecules. In contrast, Van der Waals forces are weak intermolecular forces between molecules, resulting from temporary or permanent dipoles.

Good morning ❤️
@edsciencelab 📚👨‍🔬

Wave-particle duality is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics stating that light exhibits properties of both waves (diffraction, interference) and particles (photons, photoelectric effect) depending on the experimental setup. Light propagates through space as a wave but interacts with matter as a discrete, quantized particle.

@edsciencelab 📚👨‍🔬

Are we ready? Krebs cycle 😅😁

Ok son,now lock in!..So, Krebs cycle (also called the citric acid cycle) is basically how your body extracts energy from food… but not directly.

Think of it like this—

you eat food 🍞 → your body breaks it down → and finally it reaches a stage where a small molecule called Acetyl-CoA is formed.

Now this Acetyl-CoA enters a cycle inside the mitochondria (your cell’s energy factory).

Now here’s the interesting part…
This cycle doesn’t directly give you a lot of energy like ATP.

Instead, it mainly creates energy carriers—like NADH and FADH₂.
You can think of them like charged batteries 🔋.

So what actually happens in the cycle?
Acetyl-CoA comes in and joins with another molecule → forms a bigger molecule.

Then step by step, that molecule is broken down.

During this breakdown:

Carbon is removed as CO₂ (which you breathe out 😮‍💨)
Energy is captured in the form of NADH and FADH₂

A little bit of ATP is also made
And at the end… the starting molecule is regenerated again.

👉 That’s why it’s called a cycle—it just keeps going round and round.

If I simplify the whole thing:

It’s like a machine ⚙️
You put in fuel (Acetyl-CoA)
The machine spins
It releases waste (CO₂)
And fills up batteries (NADH, FADH₂)
And the real energy (a LOT of ATP) is made later when these batteries go to another process called the electron transport chain.

So

Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate → Citrate
👉 Entry step (6C molecule formed)

Citrate → Isocitrate
👉 Rearrangement

Isocitrate → α-Ketoglutarate
👉 CO₂ released + NADH formed

α-Ketoglutarate → Succinyl-CoA
👉 CO₂ released + NADH formed

Succinyl-CoA → Succinate
👉 ATP (or GTP) formed

Succinate → Fumarate
👉 FADH₂ formed

Fumarate → Malate
👉 Water added

Malate → Oxaloacetate
👉 NADH formed (cycle resets)

⚡ Final Output (per 1 cycle)
3 NADH
1 FADH₂
1 ATP (or GTP)
2 CO₂

@edsciencelab 📚👨‍🔬

Energy never lies. Every current that enters a node must leave it.
That's Kirchhoff's Current Law.

∑Iᵢₙ = ∑Iₒᵤₜ

Conservation isn't a rule , it's a fact of nature.

Good morning ❤️
@edsciencelab 📚👨‍🔬

Problem of the day 😅😝
@edmathlab

Ei 😂💔

Me saf I get am wrong chale😭😭

​I love the way things escalated😂💔
@edsciencelab 📚👨‍🔬

Normality is a unit of concentration that is equal to gram equivalents per liter. In other terms, it is equal to Molarity * n-factor. N factor is equal to the number of reactive units per molecule (e.g. 1 for HCl, 2 for H2SO4, etc). Normality is not taught or used much today as it used to be, as the n-factor isn’t constant. A 1N solution of MgCl2 might behave differently, or as a 2N solution, depending on what matters.

Good morning ❤️
@edsciencelab 📚👨‍🔬