Time literally most faster if you’re on top of a mountain. The result? Earth’s core is 2.5 years younger than its surface, thanks to time dilation.
Time passes at slightly different rates across Earth due to general relativity: stronger gravitational fields or higher velocities cause clocks to tick more slowly relative to those in weaker fields or at rest.
Deeper in Earth's gravity well, time runs slower. Using refined models of the planet's internal density and gravitational structure, physicists have determined that—over Earth's 4.5-billion-year history—the core has aged about 2.5 years less than the surface crust, making it effectively younger despite forming simultaneously. Earlier crude estimates suggested only days of difference, but accounting for layered composition revised this substantially.
Recent breakthroughs in optical atomic clocks—over 100 times more precise than conventional ones, capable of drifting just one second over ~39 billion years—now enable direct detection of these minuscule relativistic shifts over modest heights, like a few kilometers.
Researchers from NIST and the University of Colorado Boulder plan to transport one such clock to the summit of Mount Blue Sky (4,348 meters elevation) and compare it, via laser and fiber-optic links, to an identical clock in a Boulder lab. Time should pass measurably faster at the peak due to weaker gravity there.
This pioneering "mountain-top" test not only probes general relativity at everyday scales but paves the way for portable ultra-precise clocks to map gravitational anomalies, track elevation shifts from glacial melt, and explore intersections of relativity and quantum physics.
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Time passes at slightly different rates across Earth due to general relativity: stronger gravitational fields or higher velocities cause clocks to tick more slowly relative to those in weaker fields or at rest.
Deeper in Earth's gravity well, time runs slower. Using refined models of the planet's internal density and gravitational structure, physicists have determined that—over Earth's 4.5-billion-year history—the core has aged about 2.5 years less than the surface crust, making it effectively younger despite forming simultaneously. Earlier crude estimates suggested only days of difference, but accounting for layered composition revised this substantially.
Recent breakthroughs in optical atomic clocks—over 100 times more precise than conventional ones, capable of drifting just one second over ~39 billion years—now enable direct detection of these minuscule relativistic shifts over modest heights, like a few kilometers.
Researchers from NIST and the University of Colorado Boulder plan to transport one such clock to the summit of Mount Blue Sky (4,348 meters elevation) and compare it, via laser and fiber-optic links, to an identical clock in a Boulder lab. Time should pass measurably faster at the peak due to weaker gravity there.
This pioneering "mountain-top" test not only probes general relativity at everyday scales but paves the way for portable ultra-precise clocks to map gravitational anomalies, track elevation shifts from glacial melt, and explore intersections of relativity and quantum physics.
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Markets are making history today:
A record $7.1 trillion worth of options on stock indexes, ETFs, equity index futures, and individual stocks are estimated to expire during today’s trading session.
This includes $5.1 trillion notional of S&P 500 options, $320 billion of S&P 500 ETF options, and $880 billion of single-stock options.
Furthermore, ~$805 billion worth of non-S&P 500 index and ETF options are set to expire.
December OpEx is historically the largest expiration of the year.
This December sets a record, exceeding 10% of the total equity market size for the first time.
Brace for significant intraday volatility.
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A record $7.1 trillion worth of options on stock indexes, ETFs, equity index futures, and individual stocks are estimated to expire during today’s trading session.
This includes $5.1 trillion notional of S&P 500 options, $320 billion of S&P 500 ETF options, and $880 billion of single-stock options.
Furthermore, ~$805 billion worth of non-S&P 500 index and ETF options are set to expire.
December OpEx is historically the largest expiration of the year.
This December sets a record, exceeding 10% of the total equity market size for the first time.
Brace for significant intraday volatility.
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BREAKING: Silver surges above $67/oz for the first time in history, now up +133% this year
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Nothing to see here, just six commercial airlines all leaving the same airport, at the same time, all heading to the same destination, all leaving massive long trails.
Said absolutely nobody ever.
It’s exactly what we tell you it is.
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Said absolutely nobody ever.
It’s exactly what we tell you it is.
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Thank you communist for once again demonstrating you do not recognize evil, no matter how plainly it stands before you
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The US consumer sentiment divide is widening:
Sentiment among consumers earning less than $50,000 has fallen steadily over the past year, to near the lowest level since early 2024.
Among those earning $50,000–$100,000, sentiment has also declined, though by a smaller margin, to the lowest since early 2025.
Meanwhile, consumers earning over $100,000 have maintained a much higher optimism during this period.
As a result, the sentiment gap between the lowest and highest earners has widened to the largest in at least 7 years.
Lower-income consumers are under serious pressure.
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Sentiment among consumers earning less than $50,000 has fallen steadily over the past year, to near the lowest level since early 2024.
Among those earning $50,000–$100,000, sentiment has also declined, though by a smaller margin, to the lowest since early 2025.
Meanwhile, consumers earning over $100,000 have maintained a much higher optimism during this period.
As a result, the sentiment gap between the lowest and highest earners has widened to the largest in at least 7 years.
Lower-income consumers are under serious pressure.
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BREAKING: Listen as a Philadelphia Flyers radio host has been suspended after an inappropriate hot mic moment during a game break. The host can be heard saying, “While you’re down there, would you mind blowing me?” Moments later, someone responds, “I think we’re still on the air, Tim,” as laughter breaks out. He then asks, in a concerned voice, “No we’re not, are we?
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