بالنسبة ل أسئلة النصفي يلي جاية ف امتحانات الفاينل السابقة كُلها ل دفعة ال55 تلقوها مع بعضها ف ال pdf هذا⬇️:

الأدوية يلي جاية في التجميعات للدفعات السابقة💊:

🔴Phenoxybenzamine is irreversible alpha antagonist.
🔴Nalorphine is Partial agonist.
🔴Metabolism is faster in those who are treated with phenobarbitone.
🔴Na thiopental has a rapid onset and short duration of action due to Redistribution.
🔴B_carbolines are example of inverse agonist .
🔴Adrinaline and histamine are physiological antagonists.
🔴Chloramphenicol decreases the metabolism of Warfarin, leading to bleeding.
🔴Phenobarbitone induces hepatic enzymes, accelerating the clearance of bilirubin in congenital non-hemolytic jaundice.
🔴Omeprazole decreases the metabolism of Tolbutamide, leading to hypoglycemia.
🔴Erythromycin decreases the metabolism of Theophylline, leading to toxicity (tremors).
🔴Clavulanic acid is combined with amoxicillin becauseInactivation of bacterial \beta-lactamases.
🔴Administration of Ascorbic acid can enhance excretion of amphetamine drug.
🔴Lidocaine blocks Na channels.
🔴Probenecid reduces renal tubular secretion of penicillin.
🔴Inhibition of PDE5A by sildenafil increases cGMP.
🔴inverse agonist,-carbolines are inverse agonists at benzodiazepine receptors.
🔴Probenecid decreases excretion of penicillin.
🔴Zileuton is a lipoxygenase inhibitor.
🔴Acetazolamide is Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.

Pharma|ملاحظات المحاضرة السابعة💊:

🔴Acetylcholine acts as an agonist at muscarinic receptors, leading to the activation of signaling pathways that result in the contraction of smooth muscle .

🔴In the body's normal action, the enzyme Cholinesterase breaks down Acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline to stop muscle stimulation. Medications known as Anticholinesterases, such as Neostigmine, work by blocking this enzyme. As a result, Acetylcholine levels increase at the neuromuscular junction, leading to stronger muscle contractions. Clinically, this mechanism is used to treat Myasthenia Gravis by significantly improving muscle strength.

🔴Allopurinol inhibits xanthine oxidase.❗❗McQ❗❗.

🔴Anticholinesterases inhibit cholinesterase e.g. neostigmine.❗❗McQ❗❗.
🔴Aspirin inhibits cyclooxygenase (Both Cox 1 and Cox 2), irreversibly by acetylation.❗❗McQ❗❗.

🔴Definitions ❗Mcq❗:

• - ED50: It is the dose which produces 50% of the maximal response.
• - ED0: It is the highest dose which does not produce any response.
• - ED100: It is the lowest dose which produces maximal response.

🔴Patients (elderly or young) often take Phenobarbital for anxiety. Initially, it works well, but later they develop tolerance because Phenobarbital is an enzyme inducer, which speeds up its own metabolism and reduces its effect.

الدكتورة اشرت ف المحاضرة ع التلاثة أمثلة هادم مهمات :

Pharma|ملاحظات المحاضرة الثامنة
🔴Patients older than 65 years have decreased renal function, which leads to reduced excretion. Therefore, it is important to ask the patient about their age.

🔴Psychological state of the patient❗very important❗:
The placebo effect, which is related to the psychological state of the patient, can beassessed by giving the patient a formulation of a pharmaceutically inert substance which is similar physically (colour, size and shape) to the formulation of the active drug and comparing effects of the two formulations.

🔴Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) They are undesirable (unwanted) effects produced by therapeutic doses of drugs.
They are usually reversible but rarely can be irreversible.❗very important❗.

ملاحظات الدكاترة لجزئية النصفي في الفارما✅.

تجميعة للقوانين💊 :
🔴pH= pKa+Log (non protonated/ protnated).

🔴Bioavailability=AUC oral drug/AUC I.V drug X 100.

🔴Vd=Amount of drug in body/plasma drug concentration.

🔴CL = rate of elimination/C (concn in blood or plasma.

🔴CL = Vd x Kel = Vd x 0.693/t1/2.

🔴t1/2 = 0.693 x Vd/CL.

🔴Amount of drug eliminated = plasma concn xclearance (CL) = CL x [drug].
🔴Therapeutic index (TI) =LD50/ED50.

#pH241
هادم الملاحظات بصيغة pdf⤴️, المحاضرة الأولى والتالثة والرابعة مش موجودين لأن مفيهمش ملاحظات أو شي قالو عليه مهم.

اللهم افتح علينا فتوح العارفين، وارزقنا فهم النبيين، وذكّرنا ما نسينا،اللهم يسّر لنا كل صعب، واجعل التوفيق حليفنا في كل خطوة.
اللهم لا سهل إلا ما جعلته سهلًا، وأنت تجعل الحزن إذا شئت سهلًا
اللهم ارزقنا طمأنينة في قلوبنا، وتركيزًا في عقولنا، وبركة في وقتنا.

موفقين ف أول امتحان نصفي ف سنة تالثة💊.