PT342🫀|المحاضرة الثانية

7-9-2026🗓️..
ملاحظات الدكتورة:
_اي disease عنده 2 name يعتبر مهم وموضع سؤال⬇️❗❗..

🔴GIANT CELL =(TEMPORAL) ARTERITIS.

🔴Pulseless disease=TAKAYASU ARTERITIS.

🔴KAWASAKI DISEASE=Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome.

MB342🧫|المحاضرة الثانية

7-9-2026🗓️
ملاحظات المحاضرة:

🔴Classification and General Characteristics of Streptococcus
Streptococcus species are classified into Lancefield groups based on their cell wall C-carbohydrate antigens. In general, across its different species, the genus shares these defining characteristics.➡️تسأل عليه ف الاورال

🔴Meningitis➡️Mortality and severe neurologic deficits are high.


🔴Strict Human Pathogens: Key species such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A), and Streptococcus pneumoniae are strict human pathogens that exclusively infect human hosts,not zoonotic.


🔴catarhalis (It is not considered a pyogenic cocci).❗❗

Pharma💊||المحاضرة الثانية
7-9-2026🗓️..
ملاحظات المحاضرة:
🔴NSAIDs including aspirin with selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitor (SSRI) e.g fluoxetine, increases the risk of stomach
bleeding and brain hemorrhage.❗MCQ❗..

🔴Reye’s syndrome➡️Aspirin in some children with viral infection causes encephalopathy and hepatotoxicity..Safest drugs➡️ParacetamolـIbuprofen.

🔴Organ Systems Affected by Reye's Syndrome➡️Renal,liver،brain.

🔴Large doses >5g
- Increases uric acid excretion (Uricosuric effects) and decreases uric acid reabsorbtion ,It can be use for treatment of gout disease.❗MCQ❗..

🔴Toxic doses➡️Metaboic acidosis.

🔴At high dose (Low toxic dose)➡️respiratory alkalosis.

❗MCQ❗.. قالت الدكتورة مرات تعكسهم⬆️



🔴Paracetamol = acetaminophen.❗MCQ❗..


🔴Etoricoxib
• It is a second generation COX-2 selective
inhibitor (highly selective).❗MCQ❗..


🔴Alkalinization of the urine increases the rate of
excretion of free salicylate and its water-soluble
conjugates. ❗important❗..


🔴Small dose (75-100 mg).➡️مهمة ك رقم


🔴Indomethacin➡️Rapidly and almost completely absorbed from GIT after oral ingestion......Undergoes enterohepatic circulation❗MCQ❗..

تم إدراج كامل الملاحظات حتى ما وُصل إليه في آخر محاضرة في كل المواد✅.

المحاضرة الثالثة ||PT342
12-9-2026🗓️
ملاحظات المحاضرة:


🔴GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS =WEGNER'S.❗❗.


🔴Crescentic glomerulonephritis➡️prolferation of epithelial cell.

🔴HYPERTENSION➡️❗very important❗..


🔴جدول المقارنة بين الBening hypertension والmalignant hypertension❗❗.
McQ⤴️..


🔴Most pulmonary emboli originate from deep leg vein thrombi,They pass through the right side of the heart into the pulmonary vasculature,maybe cause sudden death.



🔴vascular neoplasm caused by bacteria➡️Bacillary angiomatosis.❗MCQ❗..

عدلوها لarteriolosclerosis❗❗..

PH342||المحاضرة التالثة
12_9_2026🗓️..
ملاحظات المحاضرة :

-Drugs use for treatment gout disease👣:

🔴Low dose of probencid block secretion of UA (retention).

🔴High dose of probencid : block reuptake of UA (increases excretion).



🔴Drug-drug interactions are categorized based on how two substances modify each other's effects:

💊Synergism / Potentiation (1 + 1 = 3).

💊Addition / Summation (1 + 1 = 2).

💊Antagonism (1 + 1 = 0).




🔴Drug interaction:❗important❗:

1. Mercaptopurine is metabolized by xanthine oxidase
enzyme so its dose should be reduced or stop.

2. Theophylline also metabolized by xanthine oxidase
enzyme so its should not be used with allopurinol.

3. Allopurinol is enzyme inhibitor so increases the effect of warfarin.

المحاضرة الثالثة||MB342
12-9-2026🗓️..


ملاحظات المحاضرةNON-SPORE FORMING GRAM-POSITIVE BACILLI:



🔴Nocardia &Actinomyces➡️اقروهم بطريقة المقارنة بين بعض ،لأن الأسئلة عليهم هكي


🔴Corynebacteria➡️have Short-chain Mycolic Acids (22 To 36 C Atoms). Not Acid Fast.❗MCQ❗..



🔴Corynebacterium species contain short-chain mycolic acids (22 to 36 carbon atoms) in their cell walls. Because of these short chains, they are non-acid-fast and do not retain the primary dye during acid-fast staining (such as Ziehl-Neelsen staining).
In contrast, bacteria like Mycobacterium possess long-chain mycolic acids (60 to 90 carbon atoms), making them acid-fast, allowing them to retain the dye even after decolorization with acid-alcohol.




🔴diphtheriae disease ➡️un common .


🔴Metachromatic granules not considered a virulence factor of bacteria.❗MCQ❗..



🔴Endotoxin =Lipopolysaccharide=lipooligosacchraid..❗❗.


🔴Streptococcus pyogenes acquires the gene for Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin (Spe) through lysogenic conversion (phage conversion).

🔴Mode of transmission➡️❗important❗..



🔴Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen transmitted through contaminated food،Unlike typical foodborne pathogens, it does not primarily present as self-limiting gastroenteritis; instead, it is a leading cause of severe, fatal foodborne infections,...In contrast, organisms like Vibrio cholerae (also foodborne and waterborne) cause profuse watery diarrhea leading to severe dehydration.


🔴Actinomyces➡️Facultative anaerobe or strict anaerobe.❗MCQ ❗.


🔴Actinomyces➡️Facultative anaerobe or strict anaerobe..❗MCQ ❗.

ENTEROBACTERIACEAE🧫:


🔴ENTEROBACTERIACEAE:Oxidase –ve & catalase +ve, ferment glucose, reduce nitrate.


🔴Escherichia coli➡️The most common & important member of the genus Escherichia❗❗.


🔴Escherichia coli➡️Intestinal infection (Gastroenteritis)➡️No Person-to-person spread, I.P. = 1 – 2 days.❗❗.

تم إدراج كامل الملاحظات حتى ما وُصل إليه في آخر محاضرة في كل المواد✅.

PT342||المحاضرة الرابعة

14_9_2026🗓️..
ملاحظات المحاضرة🫀 :


🔴"The main function of the heart is to act as a pump. It consists of four chambers and four valves."

🔴"The valves are anchored in place by chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and the fibrous rings (roots)."


🔴"The endocardium is lined by simple squamous epithelium with an underlying layer of connective tissue. It provides a smooth surface that prevents blood turbulence and thrombosis. Additionally, it secretes anticoagulant substances such as nitric oxide, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and heparan sulfate to inhibit blood clotting. Consequently, any endothelial damage to the endocardium triggers thrombosis."


🔴Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) is also referred to as Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), primarily because CAD is the most common cause of cardiac ischemia."

🔴"Vasculitis can occur in a small branch of a coronary artery and cause Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)."


🔴"The subendocardial zone is the most vulnerable to ischemia and the first layer to undergo necrosis because it is the furthest from the epicardial blood supply.".

MB342🧫||المحاضرة الرابعة :

_ملاحظات المحاضرة :


🔴all members of the Enterobacteriaceae family share the Core polysaccharide (or core oligosaccharide) as a common structural component of their Lipopolysaccharide (LPS).❗MCQ❗.




🔴Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs)."



🔴Widal Test
• It measures agglutinating antibody levels against O & H Ags.
• Perform for serodiagnosis of Salmonella enteric fever.
•A fourfold rise in the antibody titer between paired sera (convalescent
and acute sera) is diagnostic.❗important❗.