Patho| cell tissue repair

🔴In the skin, the stem cells are called basal cells.
In the lung, the stem cells that regenerate the alveoli are called alveolar stem cells
They can differentiate into:
Type I pneumocytes
Type II pneumocytes

🔴Collagen type I is mainly found in bone.

🔴Collagen type II is mainly found in cartilage.

🔴Collagen type III is mainly found in reticular fibers.

🔴Collagen type IV is mainly found in the basement membran

🔴Day 1: neutrophils migrate toward fibrin clot,basal cells undergo mitosis➡️❗❗MCQ❗❗.

🔴Day 2➡️ epithelial cells from edges migrate proliferate along dermis depositing basement membrane result in thin epidermal layer.❗MCQ❗.

🔴Day 3➡️neutrophils replaced by macrophages with granulation tissue formation. Epithelial proliferation yield thick epidermal layer.

🔴The most common Factor cause delay repair is Infections.

🔴In normal healing by scar formation, the scar is usually flat.
This is the normal outcome of wound healing.
However, if collagen deposition continues excessively and does not stop properly during repair, it leads to a raised scar.


🔴There are two types of raised scars:

1_Hypertrophic scar➡️It does not extend beyond the borders of the injury.

2-Keloid➡️It grows outside the borders of the wound.


🔴Fat embolism (from the bone marrow)➡️❗❗MCQ❗❗..

قالت الدكتورة اي حاجة ف شيتها مدايرة عليها علامة الstar هذه* معناها هي الmost common

زي مثلاً أهني ،لو جابت The most common Factor cause delay repair is Infections❗❗.
حتى لو حطت الباقي ف الخيارات ،تعتبر الinfection هي الmost common.

ملاحظات شيت الcell tissue repair✅.

ملاحظات الcirculatory disturbances⬇️:

Patho|circulatory disturbances| المحاضرة الاولى


ملاحظات الدكتورة 🫀🫁🩸:


🔴Hyperemia can be physiological or pathological.
🔴Congestion is always pathological.

🔴Hyperemia is usually local.

🔴Congestion can be local or systemic.

🔴Nut meg liver➡️Chronic venous congestion of liver.➡️"MCQ".

🔴Edema is commonly seen in dependent areas of the body.
In ambulatory patients (those who walk and move a lot), edema usually appears in the legs because they are the dependent part of the body.
In bedridden or immobile patients, such as those with hemiplegia, edema usually appears in the sacral region because it is the dependent area in that position

Patho|circulatory disturbances المحاضرة الثانية

ملاحظات الدكتورة 🫀🫁🩸:


🔴Myxedema➡️is a fluid primarily consistent of hyaluronic acid glycosaminoglycan), non-pitting edema➡️ hypothyroidism

Patho|circulatory disturbances المحاضرة التالثة

🔴Line of demarcation present in Dry gangrene but not present in Wet gangrene.➡️MCQ

Patho|circulatory disturbances المحاضرة الرابعة


🔴Septic endocarditis is an infective infection of the heart valves and endocardium. It is commonly caused by bacterial infection, especially Staphylococcus species. The bacteria form vegetations on the valves, which can lead to septic thrombi formation.

🔴Gross features of thrombi:
Thrombi are typically dry, firm, and granular in appearance. They are firmly attached to the vessel wall, which is a key feature that helps distinguish them from emboli.
In contrast, emboli are detached intravascular masses that are not attached to the vessel wall. They travel through the bloodstream and can lodge in distant sites, which is why they are described as mobile or free-floating compared to thrombi.

ملاحظات الcirculatory disturbances✅.

ملاحظات لجزئية النظري من اسئلة دفعات سابقة 👩🏻‍⚕️⚡⬇️:

🔴 the sequence of physical examination➡️Inspection, palpation percussion, auscultation, and assessment of the function👩🏻‍⚕️.




🔴considering a person's past medical/surgical history, important consideration⬇️:

⚡The accuracy of the diagnosis already provided

⚡If the individual has any ongoing problems that are yet to be diagnosed.

⚡ How the individual has been treated for the condition.

🔴dry cracked lips and angular stomatitis indicate➡️Vitamin B deficiency.



🔴Donated blood undergoes screening for blood-borne diseases🩸⬇️:
✨HIV and syphilis.
✨ Hepatitis B and C.




🔴primary use of normal saline solution➡️Normal saline is the ideal type of fluid to be used in the resuscitation of dehydrated, hypovoleimic, and shocked patients.


🔴You want to check the blood clotting factors level in a patient... What is the additive used in the test tube➡️Na citrate.


🔴While giving blood to a patient, you observe signs and symptoms of a transfusion reaction. What is the first immediate action you will perform➡️Stop transfusion and call for help.

🔴the complication of repeated intramuscular injections in the same site➡️Fibrosis and reduced drug absorption.




🔴Which intramuscular injection site is considered safest in infants under 12 months of age➡️Vastus-lateralis region.

🔴What characteristic makes a medication suitable for subcutaneous administration➡️Is administered in small volumes with minimal irritation.

🔴complication of blood extraction➡️Hematoma formation.

🔴 a contraindication for artery puncture➡️ allen test

🔴important to expel the air bubble immediately from an arterial blood sample after collecting blood➡️Prevent over-estimation of PaO2.

🔴Why is it important to give time for full chest recoil in high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation➡️Help the heart to refill with blood.


🔴Where is the site of correct hand placement in chest compression for adult CPR➡️Lower half of the sternum.

🔴After delivering a shock with an automated external defibrillator, what is the next step to be done➡️Resume chest compression immediately.

🔴When measuring a patient's respiratory rate, what should you do➡️Distract the patient's attention by observing the chest rise while pretending to take the patient's pulse.

🔴the following can lead to falsely elevated blood pressure readings➡️Talking during the measurement.

🔴When measuring the axillary temperature, what is the common mistake that may cause an inaccurate reading➡️The axillary area is wet with sweat.


🔴For a complete history of the present illness, which of the following statements is included➡️Detailed symptom analysis.


🔴A 65-year-old man presented with acute stabbing chest pain. What is the appropriate next question➡️Does the pain radiate anywhere

🔴the best way to begin a clinical interview👩🏻‍⚕️➡️What brought you to the hospital today.


🔴Which of the following is not part of the general inspection during a physical examination➡️Pulse rate .


🔴the following is part of the general inspection during a physical examination⬇️:
⚡Body posture.
⚡Skin color.
⚡Level of consciousness.

🔴If a patient's arm is positioned below the level of the heart during blood pressure measurement, the reading will be➡️Falsely high⚡.


🔴A 58-year-old man complains of calf pain that starts during walking and disappears shortly after resting.
What is the most appropriate description of this pain pattern➡️Pain appearing after a certain distance.


🔴Cool + Pale + Swelling  and pain around site➡️Extravasation.


🔴Warm + Red streak + Cord-like vein➡️Phlebitis.

#pH241 💊:

🔴ملاحظات جزئية النصفي Pharmacokinetics $Pharmacodynimc💊⬇️:


https://t.me/doctorsnote56/42
https://t.me/doctorsnote56/43
https://t.me/doctorsnote56/44
https://t.me/doctorsnote56/71
https://t.me/doctorsnote56/74

🔴ملاحظات الcholinergic💊⬇️:


https://t.me/doctorsnote56/298
https://t.me/doctorsnote56/299
https://t.me/doctorsnote56/300


🔴ملاحظات الAdrenergic💊⬇️:

https://t.me/doctorsnote56/317
https://t.me/doctorsnote56/318
https://t.me/doctorsnote56/319

🔴ملاحظات الAutocoid💊⬇️:
https://t.me/doctorsnote56/327
https://t.me/doctorsnote56/328
https://t.me/doctorsnote56/345
https://t.me/doctorsnote56/346
https://t.me/doctorsnote56/347

🔴ملاحظات الDiuretic💊⬇️:
https://t.me/doctorsnote56/349

🔴ملاحظات الhypertenstion💊⬇️:
https://t.me/doctorsnote56/366

🔴ملاحظات الHeart Faiulre💊⬇️:

https://t.me/doctorsnote56/432
https://t.me/doctorsnote56/433
https://t.me/doctorsnote56/434

السلام عليكم دكاترة ،أن شاء تكونوا توفقتوا في امتحان الskills اليوم ,

هادم ملاحظات الدكاترة ف الفارما 💊للحاجات المهمة ويلي قالوا تجي ف الMcQ لجزئية النصفي والفاينل ،بالنسبة لشابتر الcholinergic نقلاً عن الدكتورة قالت ح يكون عليه 15 السؤال ف الفاينل هو و شابتر الAdrenergic قالت الدكتورة ح تكون الاسئلة فيه "ساهلة "ونفس مستوى النصفي ، وشابتر الDiuretic قالت الدكتورة اقروها بطريقة مقارنات ،وشابتر الAutocoid حاولوا قبل ما تقروا تشوفوا ملاحظاته لأن الدكتورة نبهت ع المهم فيه وقالت التجميعات مهمات ف الAutocoide ف حاولوا تركزوا ع التجميعات فيه، وموفقين ,Good luck 🙌🏻✨.

تجميعة للقوانين💊 :
🔴pH= pKa+Log (non protonated/ protnated).

🔴Bioavailability=AUC oral drug/AUC I.V drug X 100.

🔴Vd=Amount of drug in body/plasma drug concentration.

🔴CL = rate of elimination/C (concn in blood or plasma.

🔴CL = Vd x Kel = Vd x 0.693/t1/2.

🔴t1/2 = 0.693 x Vd/CL.

🔴Amount of drug eliminated = plasma concn xclearance (CL) = CL x [drug].
🔴Therapeutic index (TI) =LD50/ED50.

المسائل يلي جاية قبل كُلها تعويض مباشر ف القانون(وركزوا ف التحويل من ml لL), ما عدا السؤال هذا ،نفس فكرة سؤال النصفي يلي جانا جاي قبل لدفعة مفاضلة 8⤴️✨: