Pharma| heart failure Clinical Case 💊🫀:

🔴Common symptoms of left-sided heart failure include dyspnea and orthopnea.
🔴Generalized edema is a common sign of right-sided heart failure.

🔴Angiotensin II contributes to cardiac remodeling and the progression of heart failure. Over time, this can lead to cardiomegaly, resulting in an enlarged heart.

🔴Severe heart failure can lead to metabolic acidosis due to poor tissue perfusion and increased lactic acid production.

🔴In heart failure, congestion can occur throughout the body, and poor blood supply may result in ulcer formation.

🔴left-sided heart failure may eventually lead to right-sided heart failure.

🔴Heart failure may contribute to constipation because the gastrointestinal tract does not function as efficiently as normal due to reduced blood supply.

🔴Digoxin is not a first-line treatment for heart failure. However, it may be used as first line only when heart failure is associated with atrial fibrillation.

🔴ACE inhibitors decrease both preload and afterload, thereby improving cardiac function in patients with heart failure.
🔴The first-line treatment for heart failure includes ,diuretics ,ACE inhibitors, and beta-blockers.

🔴ACE inhibitors are among the most important drugs used in the treatment of heart failure. However, they may not be used in some patients because of contraindications.

🔴Digoxin toxicity is more likely to occur when serum potassium levels are low (hypokalemia) and calcium levels are high (hypercalcemia).
🔴Nitrates reduce preload by causing venodilation, while hydralazine reduces afterload by causing arteriolar dilation. They are used in patients who have contraindications to ACE inhibitors.

🔴In cases of digoxin toxicity caused by hypokalemia, potassium supplements should be administered. If the toxicity is associated with ventricular arrhythmias, lidocaine may be used as an antiarrhythmic treatment.❗(MCQ)❗

🔴Digoxin is used in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure to control ventricular rate and improve cardiac function.

🔴In digoxin toxicity

⭕gastrointestinal symptoms may occur, including nausea, anorexia, vomiting, and constipation. Visual disturbances such as color perception changes can also appear. In these cases, the drug should be discontinued.


⭕If ventricular arrhythmias develop, lidocaine may be used as an antiarrhythmic agent.

⭕For supraventricular tachycardia, propranolol (a beta-blocker) can be administered.

⭕If heart block progresses to severe bradycardia, atropine may be given.

⭕In severe or life-threatening cases of digoxin toxicity, digoxin-specific antibody fragments (digoxin immune Fab) are used as an antidote.

الcase هذه الدكتورة قالت مرات تجيبها⬇️:


🔴In cases of digoxin toxicity, If the toxicity is associated with ventricular arrhythmias➡️ lidocaine
may be used as an antiarrhythmic treatment.❗(MCQ)❗

ملاحظات جزئية clincal case of heart failure🫀💊✅.

🔴For Type II hypertension recommended to give to combination of drug like a ACEIS/ B blocker + diuretics or according to the case

🔴If the patient has diabetes with hypertension, the best drug is ACEIs with diuretics and never use B blockers

🔴When you gave ACEIs this decrease the destruction bradykinin and this lead to:
🔻Dry mouth
🔻Angioedema


🔴ACEIs and ARB NEVER use bilateral renal stenosis

🔴NEVER USE Thiazide and loop diuretics in
Gout

🔴Prazosin Avoided in a elderly patient

🔴 NEVER use ACEIs and ARB with a pregnant woman

🔴in severe edema and CHF use strong diuretics like furosemide (loop diuretics).

أهم الحاجات المتكررة ف التجميعات لhyper tension case💊:

سلايدات عملي الباثو بدون بيانات ⤴️

مفيدات للمراجعة⬇️:

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
هذه قناة د.محمد التومي (معيد في قسم الاناتومي )
تلقوا فيها المجسمات بالبيانات ⬇️

https://t.me/+ug11r3B82eo1NzI0


موفقين في عملي ٱخر أناتومي ☠️⚡.

ملاحظات الcell tissue repair⬇️:

Patho| cell tissue repair

🔴In the skin, the stem cells are called basal cells.
In the lung, the stem cells that regenerate the alveoli are called alveolar stem cells
They can differentiate into:
Type I pneumocytes
Type II pneumocytes

🔴Collagen type I is mainly found in bone.

🔴Collagen type II is mainly found in cartilage.

🔴Collagen type III is mainly found in reticular fibers.

🔴Collagen type IV is mainly found in the basement membran

🔴Day 1: neutrophils migrate toward fibrin clot,basal cells undergo mitosis➡️❗❗MCQ❗❗.

🔴Day 2➡️ epithelial cells from edges migrate proliferate along dermis depositing basement membrane result in thin epidermal layer.❗MCQ❗.

🔴Day 3➡️neutrophils replaced by macrophages with granulation tissue formation. Epithelial proliferation yield thick epidermal layer.

🔴The most common Factor cause delay repair is Infections.

🔴In normal healing by scar formation, the scar is usually flat.
This is the normal outcome of wound healing.
However, if collagen deposition continues excessively and does not stop properly during repair, it leads to a raised scar.


🔴There are two types of raised scars:

1_Hypertrophic scar➡️It does not extend beyond the borders of the injury.

2-Keloid➡️It grows outside the borders of the wound.


🔴Fat embolism (from the bone marrow)➡️❗❗MCQ❗❗..