Anatomy|ملاحظات المحاضرة الثانية منneurosnatomy☠️🧠:

🔴all of the following in Circle of Willis except middle cerebral.❗MCQ❗.

🔴The arachnoid mater and pia mater do not cover the dorsal root ganglion. In contrast, the dura mater covers the dorsal root ganglion.❗MCQ❗.

سلايدات عملي الباثو بدون بيانات ⤴️

Pharma|hypertenstion💊:


🔴Beta-2 blockers may cause bronchoconstriction due to blockage of β2 receptors in the bronchi, but they are associated with vasoconstriction.

🔴If beta-blockers are used for a long time and then suddenly replaced with another antihypertensive drug, withdrawal symptoms may occur, such as hypertension and even heart attack. This happens because the number and sensitivity of β-receptors increase during long-term beta-blocker therapy.

🔴Alpha- and beta-blockers are used to treat hypertensive emergencies and hypertension caused by pheochromocytoma.❗MCQ❗.

🔴Minoxidil is no longer commonly used as an antihypertensive drug.
Instead, topical minoxidil is mainly used to treat baldness because it stimulates hair growth and cause hirsutism as a side effect.

ملاحظات شيت الhyper tenstion✅.

Para|Molecular Techniques🧬🐛:


🔴In malaria research, the mosquito is sometimes lysed to extract its DNA.
In some studies, researchers focus specifically on the sporozoites inside the mosquito. In this case, they isolate the salivary glands because the sporozoites are located there. The mosquito is cut into two parts, and the head with the mouthparts is separated from the body. Depending on the aim of the study, researchers may keep one part and discard the other.
For example:
If the study targets the salivary glands or sporozoites, the head and thoracic region are used.
If the study focuses on the mosquito gut, the mouthparts are discarded and the body part is kept to obtain the required DNA sample.


🔴For example, a trematode may have a specific gene that is expressed only at a certain time, and researchers may want to study this gene. In this case, DNA analysis alone may not be useful. Instead, RNA analysis is more important because gene expression is not constant.
Some genes may be upregulated, while others may be downregulated. In some cases, a particular gene is expressed only during infection. Therefore, studying RNA helps researchers understand when and how the gene is actively expressed.


🔴The polymerase enzyme is the only enzyme that can work at high temperatures.


🔴Whole genome means the complete set of genes or the entire genetic material of an organism.

ملاحظات شيت ال Molcular Techniques🧬🐛✅.

Para|Immune response to parasites🐛:

🔴There is diversity in the immune response because each parasite has a complicated life cycle.
قال الدكتور جايبها ف ال❗mcq قبل ❗✨.


🔴Host resistance to parasites can be genetic.
For example, in malaria, the parasite is adapted to enter normal biconcave red blood cells. In sickle cell disease, the shape of the red blood cells changes, so the parasite cannot easily enter or survive inside them.
The same idea applies to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, which can also provide some protection against malaria.❗mcq❗.

🔴Malaria vaccine: Most famous success story. (Mosquirix).❗MCQ❗.

ملاحظات شيت ال immune response to parasites🐛✅.


الجداول الدكتور قال يلي ف الشيت ويلي مأشر ب Highlighted يعتبر mcq❗.

هكي ملاحظات المواد لعند وين واصلة الكلية كاملات✅ ،ما عدا الarthropod مزال فيه تسجيل بعون الله ح ينزل أول ما الدكتور ينزل الشيت إن شاء الله وموفقين ✨.

ملاحظات العملي 🎥🐛⬇️:

Local injection of cutaneous leishmaniasis

هذه موجودة ك صورة بس مش مكتوبة ف الشيت لكن الدكتور قال مرات تجي.