ملاحظات الدكاترة في كل المواد موجودة في القناة✅، من بداية المنهج إلى آخر شيء وصلت له الكلية الأسبوع الماضي .
الملاحظات مرتبة وواضحة، ومحدثة حسب ما وصلنا في كل مادة ،ما عليك إلا تكتب هاشتاق ورمز المادة يلي تبيها⚡.

متنسوش موعدنا غدوا 🫣⏳:

Para|Helminths-Cestodes المحاضرة الأولى من جزئية

🔴Clinical Case Scenario – Taenia solium
We are Muslims and do not eat pork, but infection with Taenia solium can still occur even without directly eating pork.
For example, a Muslim family travels to a foreign country such as United Kingdom and stays near a farm where pigs are raised. Although they do not consume pork, they may still become infected through fecal–oral contamination.
This can happen if Taenia solium eggs are present in contaminated food, water, vegetables, or on unwashed hands. The eggs are shed in the feces of a person who already carries the adult tapeworm. After ingestion, these eggs can enter the human intestine, hatch into larvae, penetrate the intestinal wall, and migrate to tissues.
This leads to cysticercosis, where larvae form cysts in different organs such as muscles, eyes, or the brain. When the brain is involved, it causes neurocysticercosis, which may present with seizures, headache, or neurological symptoms.

🔴Muslims may develop cysticercosis without eating pork, because infection occurs by ingestion of Taenia solium eggs through fecal–oral contamination, not by eating pork itself.

🔴In Hymenolepis nana, the eggs are passed in the stool in a mature (immediately infective) form.

Para|Helminths-Cestodes المحاضرة الثانية والأخيرة من جزئية

🔴According to the site of cyst➡️In the liver: hepatic cyst (about 66%).❗MCQ❗.

🔴player with a liver cyst may collapse and die suddenly after trauma during football, most likely due to anaphylactic shock following cyst rupture.
This happens because rupture of the cyst releases highly antigenic fluid, which can trigger a severe systemic allergic reaction leading to sudden death.
Simple cyst dissemination is less likely to cause immediate death, because spread of cyst contents alone does not usually produce a rapid fatal event unless it is accompanied by rupture and anaphylaxis.❗،MCQ❗.

🔴In the kidney: Renal cyst cause renal failure.

🔴Hydatid cyst (WHO classification + treatment):
⭕Active cysts (CE1–CE2):
Simple (CE1) or multivesicular with daughter cysts (CE2).
➜ Mainly medical treatment (Albendazole) ± PAIR or surgery if large, complicated, or risky location.

⭕Transitional cysts (CE3a–CE3b):
Degenerating cysts (CE3a floating membrane, CE3b still has daughter cysts but starting to degenerate).
➜ Case-dependent treatment: Albendazole ± PAIR; surgery if complicated or not suitable for other methods.

⭕Inactive cysts (CE4–CE5):
Degenerated or calcified (dead cyst).
➜ Usually no treatment, only follow-up
➜ Surgery is NOT routine, only if there are complications (infection, pressure effect, rupture risk, or diagnosis unclear).

🔴CE1–CE3 are the most dominant types in Libya.

🔴28-year-old man presents with seizures and chronic headache. CT scan shows multiple calcified lesions in the brain. The patient does not eat pork. The most likely diagnosis is neurocysticercosis, caused by Taenia solium. Infection occurs through heteroinfection via fecal–oral transmission.

ملاحظات محاضرات البارا لعند وين واصلة الكلية 🐛✅.

Patho|circulatory disturbances المحاضرة التالثة

🔴Line of demarcation present in Dry gangrene but not present in Wet gangrene.➡️MCQ

Patho|circulatory disturbances المحاضرة الرابعة


🔴Septic endocarditis is an infective infection of the heart valves and endocardium. It is commonly caused by bacterial infection, especially Staphylococcus species. The bacteria form vegetations on the valves, which can lead to septic thrombi formation.

🔴Gross features of thrombi:
Thrombi are typically dry, firm, and granular in appearance. They are firmly attached to the vessel wall, which is a key feature that helps distinguish them from emboli.
In contrast, emboli are detached intravascular masses that are not attached to the vessel wall. They travel through the bloodstream and can lodge in distant sites, which is why they are described as mobile or free-floating compared to thrombi.

ملاحظات محاضرات الباثو لعند وين واصلة الكلية✅.

علماً بأن الكلية كملوا الcirculatory disturbances

Anatomy | ملاحظات المحاضرة الأولى ف جزئية الفاينل☠️

🔴all of the following floor of posterior triangle except➡️scalenus posterior.❗MCQ❗❗.



🔴Spinal psrt of sccessory artery supply sternomastoide and Trapezius only.

Pharma| Autacoids المحاضرة الثانية 💊

🔴Imprazol is more effective than H2 blockers.

🔴Serotonin=5-hydroxytryptamine.

🔴90% of Serotonin is found in the Enterochromaffin cells of the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT).


🔴Seratonine on PNS:
⭕5HT3 play imprtant role in git, vomiting crnter and chemo receptor.❗MCQ❗.
⭕5HT4 play imprtant role in enteric nerves system.❗MCQ❗.


🔴Triphasic blood pressure response of serotonin:❗MCQ❗
1. ⬇️HR, CO, and BP due to chemoreceptor response.
2.⤴️ In BP due to VC.
3.⬇️ In BP due to vasodilation of skeletal muscle blood vessels.

🔴Triptan Family➡️ قالت الدكتورة مهمة هلبا تجيب فيها


🔴Triptan Family ➡️First Line therapy for moderate to sever migraine headche.❗MCQ❗➡️مهمة جداً بتجيبها الدكتورة 🫣

Pharma| Autacoids المحاضرة التالثة 💊

🔴The major site for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II is the lungs because they contain a vast network of capillaries surrounding the alveoli. These capillaries are rich in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which catalyzes this conversion.

Pharma| Autacoids💊:

🔴chemical Group➡️generation Histamin blockerف ال
مش مهمات قالت الدكتورة لكن الExample مهمات.

🔴Clincal use of antihistamine➡️ مهمة جداً ❗MCQ❗.

🔴The clinical use of antihistamines is largely ineffective in the treatment of asthma.

🔴H2 blocker➡️بتجيب منها سؤال 🫣

🔴Mast cell stablizees➡️قالت الدكتورة متجيبش فيه مخلياته لrespiratory.

🔴Biosynthesis of seratonin➡️ قالت الدكتورة متجيبش فيه
لكن اعرفوا أنMonoamine oxidase (MAO) is the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of serotonin.

🔴Most serotonin (5-HT) receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), with the exception of the 5-HT3 receptor, which is a ligand-gated ion channel .

🔴Patent Ductus atrteiosus➡️مهم

🔴vasoactive peptides➡️مش مهم



🔴Triphasic blood pressure response of serotonin:❗MCQ❗
1. ⬇️HR, CO, and BP due to chemoreceptor response.
2.⤴️ In BP due to VC.
3.⬇️ In BP due to vasodilation of skeletal muscle blood vessels.

قالت الدكتورة مرات تعكسها ف الmcq أن يزيد وينقص ويزيد وهو العكس صح .



🔴seratonine agonist & antagonist➡️مهمات❗❗.

🔴seratonine syndrome➡️واي حاجة فيها sendrom مهمة ❗❗.

Therapatic used & Toxicity of Ergot alkaloids➡️مهمة

🔴pathway of cox & Lox➡️مهم❗❗.

🔴Ace inhibtior➡️MCQ❗.

المحاضرة هذه اشرت فيها الدكتورة الحاجات المهمة ف الAutocoids،علماً بأن التجميعات مهمات ف الAutocoide🫣💊

ملاحظات الAutocoid✅.

Pharma| Diuretics ملاحظات جزئية 💊:


🔴Acetazolamide➡️contraindaction➡️Contraindications:

1. Liver cirrhosis:Because alkalization of the urine decreases the ability to excrete NH4, which leads to the development of hepatic encephalopathy.
2. Acute renal failure: (Because they cause acidosis).
قالت الدكتورة الحاجات يلي زي هكي موضع اسئلة❗❗.



🔴Loop diuretics produce pulmonary vasodilation, which helps relieve pulmonary edema. However, they do not have a significant antihypertensive effect because they donot have direct effect on systemic blood vessels.



🔴Thiazides are the only diuretics that have both a diuretic effect and a vasodilatory effect, and they also have an antihypertensive effect.
❗MCQ❗ قالت الدكتورة جايباته قبل ومش مجاوبينه



قالت الدكتورة حاولوا تقروا الشابتر بطريقة المقارنة 💊✨.

ملاحظات جزئية الDiuretics✅💊.

https://t.me/atebadoctors56/61

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