هذا مثال قريب ويشبه مثال اللي قالت عليه الدكتورة في المحاضرة :



A young man visited a restaurant and consumed a fast-food meal. Two days later, he began to experience severe abdominal pain, profuse watery diarrhea, and fever. As the condition progressed, he noticed thick yellowish-gray secretions covering the intestinal mucosa. This was not considered a simple exudate. Further evaluation showed that this layer consisted of fibrin, necrotic epithelial cells, and inflammatory cells.

What is the most likely diagnosis?
Pseudomembranous (membranous) inflammation

❗️❗️❗️❗️
قالت الدكتورة مرات نجيب عليهم سؤال في الامتحان

طبعاً مادبيكم تقروا بتمنع الميكانيزم الخاصة ب acute inflammation سواء أكان في vascular reaction و cellular

طبعاً لاتنسوا بأنكم تقروا أنواع الأخرى وتشوف الأمثلة لكل نوع لانه احتمال تجيب منهم cases

الدكتورة شرحت عليه شرح بسيط لكن ركزوا على النقطة هذي واللي تقول

slow pus formation :pus is thin in consistency, may contain RBCs(sanguineous).

Note ❗️❗️❗️❗️
Acute inflammation can change
from non-suppurative to suppurative when the infection worsens and neutrophils accumulate forming pus, or it can shift from suppurative to non-suppurative during healing or after effective treatment.

ملاحظات دكتورات الكلية لجزئية النصفي✅:

ملاحظات الcell injury كلهم بصيغة pdf⬇️:

ملاحظات محاضرة المراجعة اليوم لجزئية الCell injurey⬇️:

Patho| "Cell injury" ملاحظات محاضرة المراجعة


🔴All Of the following is example of physiological adaptation except....
Any example of pathological➡️طريقة السؤال في ال✨MCQ✨.

🔴apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) is an ATP-dependent process,whereas necrosis is not.

🔴 Apoptosis not show inflamatory reaction.❗McQ❗.

🔴In coagulative necrosis, the architectureof the cells is preserved, but the cellular details such as the mitochondria and lysosomes are lost, dead, and fragmented.

🔴In liquefactive necrosis, the architecture is lost.

🔴case:A female patient was involved in an accident and developed trauma to the breast. The breast showed basophilic calcification, and after the trauma, a hard, palpable mass was formed. It was diagnosed as fat necrosis.


🔴Note➡️Calcium appears basophilic (blue) under the microscope.
-الدكتورة قالت ف الNecrosis مرات تجيب كيس زي هكي اقروه بالطريقة هذه (قالت ميعنيش أن بتجي ف النصفي لكن خلوها ف بالكم )❗❗.

🔴all of the following example of physiological Apoptosis except..any thing pathological❗McQ❗..⬅️ طريقة السؤال في الإمتحان


🔴The extrinsic pathway of Apoptosis➡️caspase 8. ❗important❗..

🔴amyloidosis show extracullular accumulation not intracellular. ❗Mcq❗.

🔴amyloidosis resistance degredation.


🔴Amyloid➡️diameter of 7-10 nm with electron microscopy.❗important❗.

🔴ATTR transthyretin (un-mutated form)➡️senile cardiac amyloidosis.❗MCQ❗.


🔴mutant amyloid transthyretin (ATTR)➡️Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathies.

🔴Calcitonin is found in medullary thyroid carcinoma.

🔴Localized amyloidosis➡️AL not AA ❗MCQ❗.

Familial Mediterranean Fever➡️Autosomal recessive disease not dominant.❗MCQ❗.

🔴Amyloidosis in patients on hemodialysis in the carpal ligament of the wrist cause median nerve compression (carpal tunnel syndrom➡️Anesthesia). ❗MCQ❗.

🔴Congo red stain (most commonly used stain):❗McQ❗

_Ordinary light ➡️pink or red color.
_Polarizing light➡️ apple green birefringence

ملاحظات محاضرة المراجعة في الinflamation⬇️:

Patho|"inflamation"محاضرة المراجعة

🔴Hydrostatic pressure is mainly controlled by the heart. If heart failure occurs, hydrostatic pressure increases, leading to the formation of edema.
On the other hand, oncotic (osmotic) pressure is mainly maintained by plasma proteins, especially albumin. These proteins are synthesized in the liver and regulated by the kidneys. If there is a disease affecting the liver or kidneys, protein levels decrease, which reduces oncotic pressure and leads to edema.

These mechanisms are common causes of transudate, and they can also be associated with malnutrition, which further decreases protein levels and contributes to edema formation.


🔴Phagocytosis in leukocytes is not exclusively oxygen-dependent, because killing can occur through both oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent mechanisms.❗MCq❗.


🔴Acute inflammation stimulates innate immunity.


🔴Inflammation occurs in vascularized tissue.❗important❗.


🔴The anti-inflammatory cytokines are TGF-β and IL-10.❗MCQ❗.


🔴TGF-β play important role in regulation of inflamation.❗MCQ❗.

🔴Fever➡️IL-1,IL6.

🔴pain➡️Kinin/Bradykinin.

🔴Proteolytic enzymes of neutrophils They are responsible for pus formation.

🔴Suppurative inflammation can be either localized or diffuse depending on the type of bacteria.❗MCQ❗.

🔴When macrophages fuse together or when their proliferation does not stop, they form➡️Giant cells

-One important type is Langhans giant cells, which are typically found in tuberculosis (TB) granulomas.

In granulomatous diseases such as sarcoidosis, we may also find characteristic inclusions inside giant cells called➡️1_Asteroid bodies 2_Schaumann bodies
referred to as inclusion bodies within giant cells in sarcoidosis.

تجميعة ل الrecessive والdominant،مهمات الدكتورة تركز عليهم⬇️🧬:

🔴Hemochromatosis➡️primary Hereditary➡️autosomal recessive.

🔴Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathies ➡️autosomal dominant.

🔴Familial Mediterranean Fever➡️Autosomal recessive disease.

🔴بما أن الشيت الأول عليه سؤال واحد،هذا الجدول يعتبر أهم حاجة ،ف التجميعات الاسئلة ع الشيت الأول شبه منه ،والدكتورة ف المحاضرة قالت عليه مهم ف قالت تجيب الTerm وتطلب الmeaningاو تجيب الmeaning وتطلب الterm:

الاسئلة المتكررة في التجميعات تلقوهم ف الpdf هذا ⚡⬇️:

هذا السؤال يتكرر،وكرراته هلبا الدكتورة فى محاضرة المراجعة ،وجي السيم لفات ل55⤴️: