Para|ملاحظات المحاضرة الثامنة

🔴The Two Primary Tissue Targets of Toxoplasma gondii (brain,muscle).
🔴In Plasmodium, all stages can cause infection except for the gametocytes. In Toxoplasma gondii, all stages cause infection except for the unsporulated oocysts.

🔴Unsporulated oocysts require about 1 to 5 days to undergo sporulation and become infectious. For this reason, a pregnant woman who owns a cat should ensure the litter box is cleaned daily (well before the five-day window) to prevent the oocysts from becoming dangerous.

🔴Toxoplasma gondii is particularly significant in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. Because it is an intracellular and opportunistic parasite, the infection often remains mild or asymptomatic in healthy people. However, it can become life-threatening when the immune system is suppressed—such as in patients taking steroids, undergoing organ transplantation, battling cancer, or receiving chemotherapy. In these cases, the dormant (latent) infection can reactivate and lead to fatal complications.

🔴The Link Between Toxoplasmosis and Risk-Taking Behavior
There is a compelling theory that toxoplasmosis may be a contributing factor to car accidents and suicidal tendencies in humans. This is primarily because the trophozoite (specifically the bradyzoite and tachyzoite stages) has a strong tendency to infect brain tissue.
The "Fatal Attraction" Phenomenon
This behavioral shift is best observed in nature:
-The Rodent Model: When a rat is infected with Toxoplasma, it loses its innate fear of cats. In fact, it becomes attracted to the scent of cat urine.
The Goal: This "manipulation" serves the parasite’s life cycle, as it needs to return to a feline (the definitive host) to reproduce.

🔴First Trimester: The probability of infection is low because the placenta is not yet fully formed. However, if transmission occurs, it is highly likely to cause a spontaneous abortion or severe fetal damage.
Second & Third Trimesters: The probability of infection increases as the placenta matures and becomes more permeable.

🔴In the Sabin-Feldman Dye Test, methylene blue is used to stain T. gondii organisms.
The interpretation is as follows:
Positive Result: The parasites do not take up the stain (they remain colorless). This happens because specific antibodies in the patient's serum neutralize the parasite's membrane, preventing the dye from entering.
Negative Result: The parasites are stained blue, indicating that no antibodies were present to protect the cell membrane.

🔴In immunocompromised patients (such as those with HIV/AIDS), imaging typically reveals the following signs of Toxoplasmosis:


*Ring-Enhancing Lesions(❗Mcq❗):On imaging x_ray we find characteristic "ring-enhancing" lesions in the brain,Tissue Changes Around these areas, you may see atrophied tissue or small white spots (calcifications), which serve as diagnostic signs for Toxoplasma infection.






🔴الTOXOPLASMA GONDAII ركزوا عليه ف الرتن عليه3 درجات
زي مثلاً الConginital toxoplasmosisوInfection stageوالprevenation وغيرهم ركزوا عليهم.

ملاحظات جزئية النصفي✅.

سؤال جاي قبل ف التجميعات،من ضمن التعريفات يلي زادها د. الأشعل ف المحاضرة:

باقي التعريفات يلي قالها:




🔴mosquito that carries bacteria or viruses with any change in their number ,without develompent form is called
a propagative biological vector.

🔴mosquito that carries Plasmodium (malaria), in which the parasite increases in number and
changes its form, is called a cyclo-propagative biological vector.

🔴There is another type in which the parasite changes its form but does not increase in number,
called a cyclodevelopmental vector.

تجميعة للأدوية💊🐛:

🔴Giardia➡️ Metronidazole (Flagyl) is the most common +Tinidazole+Nitazoxanide+paromomycin & quinacrine (Refractory or Recurrent Cases).

🔴Cryptosporidium➡️ Nitazoxanide.

🔴Isospora belli➡️trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).

🔴Amoebic liver Abscess(ALA)➡️metronidazole+tinidazole +iodoquinol+diloxanide+paromomycin+luminal agent draing(if sever).

🔴Pyogenic Liver Abscess(pLA)➡️iv antibiotics,percutaneous drainge.

🔴Abscess less than 5 cm diamter in Rt lobe and more than 1cm from liver surface➡️ Metronidazole+cefoxitin.

🔴Entamoeba histolytica Asymptomatic➡️Paromomycin+Luminal amoebicide only.

🔴Entamoeba histolytica Invasive intestinal disease➡️Metronidazole+Tinidazole.

🔴Entamoeba histolytica Amebic liverabscesses➡️Metronidazole, Tinidazole,chloroquine+with surgical drainge.

🔴Balantidium coli➡️Tetracycline(most common),Metronidazole,Iodoquinol.

🔴Naegleria fowleri➡️Amphotericin B is the primary drug +Miltefosine+Azoles, such as fluconazole and voriconazole+Azithromycin+Rifampin.

🔴Acanthamoeba GAE➡️cotrimoxazole, ketoconazole, pentamidine, flucytosine and rifampin.

🔴Amoebic keratitis➡️chlorhexidine.

🔴Trichomonas vaginalis➡️Metronidazole or tinidazole.

🔴Trypanosoma cruzi➡️nifurtimox,benznidazole.

🔴trypanosomiasis brucei➡️West African trypanosomiasis➡️Treatment for acute stage➡️Pentamidine,Suramin.

🔴trypanosomiasis brucei➡️West African trypanosomiasis➡️Treatment for chronic stage➡️NECT (Nifurtimox eflornthine combination therapy),Melarsoprol.

🔴trypanosomiasis brucei➡️East African trypanosomiasis➡️Treatment for acutestage➡️Pentamidine,Suramin.

🔴trypanosomiasis brucei➡️East African trypanosomiasis➡️Treatment for chronic stage➡️Melarsoprol.

🔴trypanosomiasis brucei➡️Stage I suramin alternate pentamidine.

🔴trypanosomiasis brucei➡️Stage II eflornithine Alternate the organic arsenical melarsoprol.

🔴Leishmania➡️Systemic therapy➡️Sodium stibogluconate (antimony
sodium gluconate (Pentostam)+Oral azole+Liposomal amphotericin B.

🔴Leishmania➡️Local therapy ➡️Promomycin ointment, Intralesional antimonials.

🔴Leishmania➡️Pentavalent antimony compounds: Pentostam+Diamidine compounds: Pentamidine+Liposomal amphotricin B.

🔴malaria➡️ACTs (Artisinine- based Combination Therapy).

🔴Uncomplicated Malaria➡️COARTEM.

🔴Pregnant Uncomplicated Malaria➡️1st trimester ➡️ quinine.

🔴Pregnant Uncomplicated Malaria➡️nd and 3rd trimester ➡️ACTs.

🔴Complicated Malaria➡️V or I.M artesunate.

🔴To Preventing Relapse of malaria➡️Primaquine, chloroquine(In Pregnant or Breastfeeding women use weekly or on G6PD status).

🔴chemoprophylaxis of malaria➡️Malarone,Mefloquine,Doxycycline.
🔴Babesia➡️Quinine + Clindamycine.

🔴TOXOPLASMOSIS➡️Combination of Pyrimethamine + trisulfapyrimidines is the treatment of Choice (C/I during pregnancy).

🔴TOXOPLASMOSIS during pregnancy➡️Spiramycin.

🔴TOXOPLASMOSIS➡️Clindamycin treat encephalitis in AIDS or for sulfur-allergic patient.

السؤال هذا مهمم،الدكتورة ركزت ع شرحه ف المحاضرة ،وقالت جاباته السيم لفات،وهذا السؤال من السيم لفات ⤴️

🔴The infection was transmitted via blood transfusion rather than a mosquito bite، therefore, the parasite bypassed the liver and began multiplying directly in the blood, making the Exo-erythrocytic Schizogony (liver phase) entirely absent.

❗Nageria fowleri❗:

high protein,low sugar

ملخص لكُل شيت ، للمراجعة ⬇️:

#PA240

+ some additions from the lecture