شيتات للpara من إعداد زميلتنا عدن،الشيتات نفس شيتات الكلية بالضبط غير بطريقة منظمة أكثر ،تقدروا تعتمدوا عليهم،وكُل ما تكملوا شيت تلقوها حاطة ف نهايته أسئلة من أسئلة الدفعات يلي فاتت يلي جاية عليه،والمحاضرات يلي فيهم كوز حاطة أسئلة الكوز نهاية الشيت⤴️.

#PA240
تجميعات:

تجميعة مقسمة⬇️:

#PA240
باقي ملاحظات المحاضرات:

المحاضرة الخامسة • para
Trichomonas vaginali
🔴Keywords in cases
Itching , frothy discharge , strawberry appearance + sever pruritic vaginitis
🔴If the female is pregnent cause pre-term-labour
🔴Culture - gold standard
🔴Both sexual partners must be treated
🔴Life cycle -> one stage -> trophozoites
صفحة 7 الجدول مش مطالبين بيه هلبا , مش حتجيبه ك cases❌ (بس قراته الجدول للعلم)

Leishmania
🔴Haemoflagellates -> digenetic -> must have "two host"
🔴Amastigote -> no flagellum
Promastigote -> flagellum in anterior
Epimastigote -> flagellum in superior
Trypomastigote -> flagellum in posterior
🔴 visceral leshmaniasis = l.donovani donovani in africa and asia not donovani chagasi
🔴Human are Accidental Host
🔴Transmission -> Only via the Sandfly bite, it is not transmitted by direct contact
🔴About leshmania true except ?
1- Infective stage seen in culture
2-Diagnostic stage seen in macrophage
3-Promastigote seen only in vector ❌
In culture and vector ✅
🔴Pathogenesis “مش مطالبين بيها هلبا
🔴Wet and dry lesion ✅✅
🔴Espundia (Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis)
🔴 Visceral Leishmaniasis-> Pancytopenia : keyword in cases
CBC shows : Thrombocytopenia , Leukopenia and Normocytic Normochromic Anemia
🔴 Dysentery = Large Intestine
اي سؤال فيه dysentery نستبعدو اي parasite في ال small intestine

المحاضرة السادسة • Para
Trypanosoma brucei
🔴All parasites obligate intracellular except ?
Trypanosomiasis brucei ->extracellular✅
🔴It Differntiates from trypanosoma cruzi by being polymorphic
🔴Diagnostic stage = polymorphic trypomastigoid , Not monomorphic❌
🔴Pathogenesis by variable surface glygoprotein antigen (VSG)✅
🔴Poor people examined with posterior cervical triangle (winterbottom sign)
Rhodesiense -> more zoonotic subspecies
🔴Stage | hemo-lymphatic stage
Stage || cns development
🔴Parasites Examind with blood film ?
Malaria , tryponosama , leishmania

Trypanosoma cruzi
🔴Monomorphic -> c ,u or s shaped
🔴Mood of transmition -> contaminated with reduviid bugs by the feces (posterior station) , in Trypanosoma brucei occurs via saliva during tsetse fly bite (anterior station)
🔴Xenodiagnosis

Para|ملاحظات المحاضرة السابعة

🔴Merozoite: These are the daughter cells produced within the schizont. When the schizont ruptures, these merozoites are released to infect new red blood cells.

🔴 most malaria parasites immediately become active merozoites, two specific species—P. vivax and P. ovale—can remain dormant in the liver
In this inactive state, they are called hypnozoites.❗❗Mcq❗❗.

🔴P.malariae the Trophozoite is band shape ,but the Trophozoite in p.falciparum is not seen in perepheral blood.

🔴Clinical Diagnosis of Malaria
The first and most crucial step in diagnosing Malaria is taking a detailed travel history from the patient to determine if they have recently visited an endemic area.

🔴In blood transfusion-induced malaria, all asexual stages are infective except :
1-Gametocytes are not infective: Although they are present in the blood, they do not cause malaria in the recipient because their role is strictly for sexual reproduction, which only occurs in the mosquito's gut, not in human blood.
2.Sporozoites: Unlike a mosquito bite, blood transfusion does not involve sporozoites.
_Direct Blood Infection: Because only the erythrocytic (blood) stages are transferred, the parasite bypasses the liver stage entirely.

🔴If a person in Libya contracts malaria without having traveled abroad, the most likely non-mosquito-borne causes are indeed blood transfusions or the sharing of needles (intravenous drug use).

🔴Malaria Transmission Stages
-Infection of Humans (Natural):
The Sporozoite is the infective stage for humans. This occurs when an infected female Anopheles mosquito bites a person and injects these stages from her salivary glands into the bloodstream.

_Infection of Mosquitoes:
The Gametocyte is the infective stage for the mosquito. When a mosquito bites an infected human, it ingests male and female gametocytes, which then begin the sexual reproduction cycle inside the mosquito's gut.

_Infection via Blood Transfusion (Induced Malaria):
In the case of a blood transfusion from an infected donor, the infection is passed through Erythrocytic stages (merozoites or trophozoites already living in the red blood cells).
Crucial Note: In this scenario, Sporozoites are absent (because they only come from the mosquito) and Gametocytes are not the ones responsible for continuing the cycle in the new human host.

ف الملاريا الدكتورة قالت الأدوية حفظظ💊

ولكن الDose زي مثلاً (0.25-0.5mg/kg/day) قالت متجيبش فيهم

جزئية الImmunity to Malaria✨ قالت الدكتورة متجيبش فيها✨.

Para|ملاحظات المحاضرة الثامنة

🔴The Two Primary Tissue Targets of Toxoplasma gondii (brain,muscle).
🔴In Plasmodium, all stages can cause infection except for the gametocytes. In Toxoplasma gondii, all stages cause infection except for the unsporulated oocysts.

🔴Unsporulated oocysts require about 1 to 5 days to undergo sporulation and become infectious. For this reason, a pregnant woman who owns a cat should ensure the litter box is cleaned daily (well before the five-day window) to prevent the oocysts from becoming dangerous.

🔴Toxoplasma gondii is particularly significant in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. Because it is an intracellular and opportunistic parasite, the infection often remains mild or asymptomatic in healthy people. However, it can become life-threatening when the immune system is suppressed—such as in patients taking steroids, undergoing organ transplantation, battling cancer, or receiving chemotherapy. In these cases, the dormant (latent) infection can reactivate and lead to fatal complications.

🔴The Link Between Toxoplasmosis and Risk-Taking Behavior
There is a compelling theory that toxoplasmosis may be a contributing factor to car accidents and suicidal tendencies in humans. This is primarily because the trophozoite (specifically the bradyzoite and tachyzoite stages) has a strong tendency to infect brain tissue.
The "Fatal Attraction" Phenomenon
This behavioral shift is best observed in nature:
-The Rodent Model: When a rat is infected with Toxoplasma, it loses its innate fear of cats. In fact, it becomes attracted to the scent of cat urine.
The Goal: This "manipulation" serves the parasite’s life cycle, as it needs to return to a feline (the definitive host) to reproduce.

🔴First Trimester: The probability of infection is low because the placenta is not yet fully formed. However, if transmission occurs, it is highly likely to cause a spontaneous abortion or severe fetal damage.
Second & Third Trimesters: The probability of infection increases as the placenta matures and becomes more permeable.

🔴In the Sabin-Feldman Dye Test, methylene blue is used to stain T. gondii organisms.
The interpretation is as follows:
Positive Result: The parasites do not take up the stain (they remain colorless). This happens because specific antibodies in the patient's serum neutralize the parasite's membrane, preventing the dye from entering.
Negative Result: The parasites are stained blue, indicating that no antibodies were present to protect the cell membrane.