#2MinRevise #History_Static #VIMP_PT2020
Government of India Act 1919 - Part 1
- Based on the report of Edwin Montagu(Secretary of State) and Lord Chelmsford(Viceroy).
Hence, called as Montagu-Chelmsford reforms or Montford reforms.
Features
Provincial Government
Executive:
- Dyarchy was introduced, two classes of administrators – Executive Councillors and Ministers.
- Subjects were divided into two lists
Reserved list (Under Governor) consisted of law and order, irrigation, finance, land revenue, etc.
Transferred List(Under Ministers) - education, local government, health, excise, industry, public works, etc.
- Ministers were responsible to legislature, whereas executive councillors were not.
- Ministers were nominated from the elected members of the legislative council.
- The Secretary of State and Governor-General could interfere in matters under the reserved list but this interference was restricted for the transferred list.
Legislature:
- Number of elected members were increased (Now about 70% were elected).
- Some women could also vote.
- The governor’s assent was required to pass the bill. He had veto power and could issue ordinances.
Government of India Act 1919 - Part 1
- Based on the report of Edwin Montagu(Secretary of State) and Lord Chelmsford(Viceroy).
Hence, called as Montagu-Chelmsford reforms or Montford reforms.
Features
Provincial Government
Executive:
- Dyarchy was introduced, two classes of administrators – Executive Councillors and Ministers.
- Subjects were divided into two lists
Reserved list (Under Governor) consisted of law and order, irrigation, finance, land revenue, etc.
Transferred List(Under Ministers) - education, local government, health, excise, industry, public works, etc.
- Ministers were responsible to legislature, whereas executive councillors were not.
- Ministers were nominated from the elected members of the legislative council.
- The Secretary of State and Governor-General could interfere in matters under the reserved list but this interference was restricted for the transferred list.
Legislature:
- Number of elected members were increased (Now about 70% were elected).
- Some women could also vote.
- The governor’s assent was required to pass the bill. He had veto power and could issue ordinances.
#History_Static #VIMP_PT2020
Government of India Act 1919 - Part 2
Features - Continued
Central government
Executive:
- Governor-General(G-G) =chief executive authority
- G-G executive council - 3 out of 6 members to be Indian.
- G-G was vested with ordinance making power and could also certify bills rejected by the central legislature.
- Two lists for administration – central and provincial
Legislature:
- A bicameral legislature was set up with Legislative Assembly(145 members) andCouncil of State(60 Male members).
- legislators could ask questions and also vote a part of the budget(only 25%)
Governor-General
- G-G assent was required for a bill to become law.
He could enact a bill without the legislature’s consent.
- provided for Limited franchise based on property, tax and education.
- Extended Communal representation to Indian Christians, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans.
Other Features
- Provided for the first time, the establishment of a public service commission in India.
- provided for setting up a statutory commission to study the working of the Act.(Hence, Simon Commission 1927).
- created an office of the High Commissioner for India in London.
Government of India Act 1919 - Part 2
Features - Continued
Central government
Executive:
- Governor-General(G-G) =chief executive authority
- G-G executive council - 3 out of 6 members to be Indian.
- G-G was vested with ordinance making power and could also certify bills rejected by the central legislature.
- Two lists for administration – central and provincial
Legislature:
- A bicameral legislature was set up with Legislative Assembly(145 members) andCouncil of State(60 Male members).
- legislators could ask questions and also vote a part of the budget(only 25%)
Governor-General
- G-G assent was required for a bill to become law.
He could enact a bill without the legislature’s consent.
- provided for Limited franchise based on property, tax and education.
- Extended Communal representation to Indian Christians, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans.
Other Features
- Provided for the first time, the establishment of a public service commission in India.
- provided for setting up a statutory commission to study the working of the Act.(Hence, Simon Commission 1927).
- created an office of the High Commissioner for India in London.
#2MinRead #SnT_Currents #VIMP_PT2020
Crew Dragon Demo-2 Mission
- crewed spaceflight to the International Space Station(2 Astronauts would fly).
- To be launched on 27th May 2020 jointly by NASA and SpaceX.
- Launch Rocket-Falcon-9
Commercial Crew Programme
- It's for sending astronauts to International Space Station administered by NASA.
- Under the programme, the private vendors operate crew vehicles to carry astronauts to the International Space Station.
Demo-1
- It was a Unmanned Space flight launched in March 2019.
- It was also a part of Commercial Crew Programme
Crew Dragon Demo-2 Mission
- crewed spaceflight to the International Space Station(2 Astronauts would fly).
- To be launched on 27th May 2020 jointly by NASA and SpaceX.
- Launch Rocket-Falcon-9
Commercial Crew Programme
- It's for sending astronauts to International Space Station administered by NASA.
- Under the programme, the private vendors operate crew vehicles to carry astronauts to the International Space Station.
Demo-1
- It was a Unmanned Space flight launched in March 2019.
- It was also a part of Commercial Crew Programme
#2MinRevise #SnT_Static #PT2020 #
International Space Station (ISS)
- It is a habitable artificial satellite in Low Earth orbit(average altitude 400km).
- Launched in 1998
- It is a joint project between five space agencies: NASA (USA), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada).
- ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology, and other fields.
- It is used for testing of spacecraft systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon and Mars.
International Space Station (ISS)
- It is a habitable artificial satellite in Low Earth orbit(average altitude 400km).
- Launched in 1998
- It is a joint project between five space agencies: NASA (USA), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada).
- ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology, and other fields.
- It is used for testing of spacecraft systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon and Mars.
#SnT_Currents #1MinRead #PT2020
Cosmic Yeti Galaxy
- University of Arizona(USA) Scientists have discovered traces of a big galaxy called as ‘Cosmic Yeti’ in early universe.
- 12.5 billion light years away
- The galaxy is producing stars at a rate 100 times faster than our own.
- Some of the biggest galaxies in early universe matured extremely quickly.
- The discovery provides new insights into the first growing steps of some of biggest galaxies in universe.
Cosmic Yeti Galaxy
- University of Arizona(USA) Scientists have discovered traces of a big galaxy called as ‘Cosmic Yeti’ in early universe.
- 12.5 billion light years away
- The galaxy is producing stars at a rate 100 times faster than our own.
- Some of the biggest galaxies in early universe matured extremely quickly.
- The discovery provides new insights into the first growing steps of some of biggest galaxies in universe.
# IR_OrgInNews #PT2020 #2MinRead
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
- Intergovernmental organization @Hague(Netherlands)
- established in 1899
- not a court, but an organiser of arbitration tribunals.
- not part of ICC or ICJ
- It strives to resolve issues involving territorial and maritime boundaries, sovereignty, human rights, international investment, international and regional trade.
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
- Intergovernmental organization @Hague(Netherlands)
- established in 1899
- not a court, but an organiser of arbitration tribunals.
- not part of ICC or ICJ
- It strives to resolve issues involving territorial and maritime boundaries, sovereignty, human rights, international investment, international and regional trade.
#IR_OrgInNews #PT2020 #2MinRead
International Court of Justice
- Judicial branch of the United Nations (UN) - hence called as World Court
- Established- 1945 by UN Charter
- HQ - Peace Palace, The Hague.
- The court settles legal disputes submitted to it by states.
- It provides advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international branches, agencies, and the UN General Assembly.
- ICJ Consists of 15 judges elected to 9-year terms by the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council.
It is a successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice.
International Court of Justice
- Judicial branch of the United Nations (UN) - hence called as World Court
- Established- 1945 by UN Charter
- HQ - Peace Palace, The Hague.
- The court settles legal disputes submitted to it by states.
- It provides advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international branches, agencies, and the UN General Assembly.
- ICJ Consists of 15 judges elected to 9-year terms by the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council.
It is a successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice.
#IR_OrgInNews #PT2020 #2MinRead
International Criminal Court (ICC)
It is an intergovernmental, international tribunal.
Established- 2002, by Rome Statute of 1998.
Seat - The Hague, Netherlands.
The ICC has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.
It is intended to complement existing national judicial systems.
International Criminal Court (ICC)
It is an intergovernmental, international tribunal.
Established- 2002, by Rome Statute of 1998.
Seat - The Hague, Netherlands.
The ICC has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.
It is intended to complement existing national judicial systems.
#TermsInNews #PT2020 #1MinRead
Social Vaccine
It stands for social and behavioural measures used by governments to raise public consciousness about unhealthy situations.
It is done through Social Mobilization
Example - CoVID -19 pandemic - advocacy for social distancing, use of Masks etc.
It was highly successful in controlling the pandemic of HIV/AIDS.
Social Vaccine
It stands for social and behavioural measures used by governments to raise public consciousness about unhealthy situations.
It is done through Social Mobilization
Example - CoVID -19 pandemic - advocacy for social distancing, use of Masks etc.
It was highly successful in controlling the pandemic of HIV/AIDS.
#IR_OrgInNews #PT2020 #2MinRead
New Development Bank
Established in 2014 by BRICS Countries by Fortaleza Declaration.
HQ - Shanghai, China.
It is a multilateral development bank founded to support infrastructure and sustainable development efforts in BRICS and other underserved emerging economies.
It received Observer Status in 2018 in the United Nations General Assembly.
News - 5th Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors of NDB was held through video-conference on 20th Apr.
New Development Bank
Established in 2014 by BRICS Countries by Fortaleza Declaration.
HQ - Shanghai, China.
It is a multilateral development bank founded to support infrastructure and sustainable development efforts in BRICS and other underserved emerging economies.
It received Observer Status in 2018 in the United Nations General Assembly.
News - 5th Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors of NDB was held through video-conference on 20th Apr.
#IR_OrgInNews #PT2020 #1MinRead
BRICS
It stands for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
1st Summit - 2009 in Russia.
11th Summit- 2019 in Brazil.
BRICS
It stands for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
1st Summit - 2009 in Russia.
11th Summit- 2019 in Brazil.
#Modern_India #PT2020 #2MinRevise
Indian Council Act of 1909
- Also called as Morley-Minto Reforms
Salient Provisions
- Expansion of the Legislative Councils(both Central and Provincial).
- Introduced separate electorate(Communal representation).
Separate constituencies were marked for the Muslims and only Muslim community members could elect their representatives.
- The act empowered the members to discuss the budget and move resolutions before it was approved finally.
- They were given rights to ask supplementary questions and move resolutions to on matters related to loans to the local bodies.
- The members given right to discuss matters of the public interest.
Indian Council Act of 1909
- Also called as Morley-Minto Reforms
Salient Provisions
- Expansion of the Legislative Councils(both Central and Provincial).
- Introduced separate electorate(Communal representation).
Separate constituencies were marked for the Muslims and only Muslim community members could elect their representatives.
- The act empowered the members to discuss the budget and move resolutions before it was approved finally.
- They were given rights to ask supplementary questions and move resolutions to on matters related to loans to the local bodies.
- The members given right to discuss matters of the public interest.
#Environment_Current #VIMP_PT2020 #2MinRead
Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF)
- It is a method of chemical-free agriculture, based on traditional Indian practices.
- Originally promoted by agriculturist Subhash Palekar in 1990s as an alternative to Green revolution methodologies.
It promotes the application of jeevamrutha — a mixture of fresh desi cow dung and aged desi cow urine, jaggery, pulse flour, water and soil.
- This fermented microbial culture adds nutrients to the soil. It acts as a catalytic agent to promote the activity of microorganisms and earthworms in the soil.
Significance
-farmers will be relieved from Debt Trap hence can reduce number of Farmers Suicides.
-Eco friendly practice, hence promotes Environmental conservation.
Context- Finance Minister advocated its practice which has been highly successful in Karnataka.
Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF)
- It is a method of chemical-free agriculture, based on traditional Indian practices.
- Originally promoted by agriculturist Subhash Palekar in 1990s as an alternative to Green revolution methodologies.
It promotes the application of jeevamrutha — a mixture of fresh desi cow dung and aged desi cow urine, jaggery, pulse flour, water and soil.
- This fermented microbial culture adds nutrients to the soil. It acts as a catalytic agent to promote the activity of microorganisms and earthworms in the soil.
Significance
-farmers will be relieved from Debt Trap hence can reduce number of Farmers Suicides.
-Eco friendly practice, hence promotes Environmental conservation.
Context- Finance Minister advocated its practice which has been highly successful in Karnataka.
#1MinRead #Geography_Current #PT2020
Daporijo Bridge
- inaugurated on Subansiri River, a tributary of Brahmaputra.
- Development- by BRO(Border Roads Organisation)
- It will allow the speedier movement of men and logistics material towards the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China.
Daporijo Bridge
- inaugurated on Subansiri River, a tributary of Brahmaputra.
- Development- by BRO(Border Roads Organisation)
- It will allow the speedier movement of men and logistics material towards the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China.
#2MinRevise #Polity_Constitutional_Evolution #PT2020
Regulating Act 1773
- First step by British government to regulate and control affairs of East India Company.
- It recognised political and administrative functions of the company
- The Act laid the foundations of Central administration
Features
- Governor of Bengal was appointed as Governor General of Bengal
( first - Warren Hastings )
- Governor of Bombay and Madras made subordinate to governor general of Bengal
- Supreme Court of Calcutta was established (1 chief justice and 3 judges).
- Servants of company were not allowed - private trade and bribes/presents from natives.
- Court of directors were to report the British government
Regulating Act 1773
- First step by British government to regulate and control affairs of East India Company.
- It recognised political and administrative functions of the company
- The Act laid the foundations of Central administration
Features
- Governor of Bengal was appointed as Governor General of Bengal
( first - Warren Hastings )
- Governor of Bombay and Madras made subordinate to governor general of Bengal
- Supreme Court of Calcutta was established (1 chief justice and 3 judges).
- Servants of company were not allowed - private trade and bribes/presents from natives.
- Court of directors were to report the British government
#2MinRevise #Polity_Constitutional_Evolution #PT2020
Pitt's India Act of 1784
Political and commercial functions of company were distinguished.
Board of Control - political functions (civil-military and revenue affairs).
Court of Directors for commercial functions
First time called companies territory as British possessions in India.
It declared British government had the Supreme control over companies affairs
Pitt's India Act of 1784
Political and commercial functions of company were distinguished.
Board of Control - political functions (civil-military and revenue affairs).
Court of Directors for commercial functions
First time called companies territory as British possessions in India.
It declared British government had the Supreme control over companies affairs