#Polity_Basics #PT2020 #2MinRead
National Investigation Agency (NIA)
- Formed-2009, with the enactment of the National Investigation Agency Act 2008.
- Headquarter - in New Delhi
- It acts as the Central Counter Terrorism Law Enforcement Agency.
- The agency is empowered to deal with terror related crimes across states without special permission from the states.
National Investigation Agency (NIA)
- Formed-2009, with the enactment of the National Investigation Agency Act 2008.
- Headquarter - in New Delhi
- It acts as the Central Counter Terrorism Law Enforcement Agency.
- The agency is empowered to deal with terror related crimes across states without special permission from the states.
#Polity_Basics #PT2020 #2MinRead
Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993
- Came into force with retrospective effect in 1993.
Enacted to provide for the constitution of:
1. National Human Rights Commission (NHRC),
2. State Human Rights Commission (SHRC) and
3. Human Rights Courts for the protection of human rights.
Human Rights
According to Section 2 of the Act -“Human Rights” means the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International covenants and enforceable by courts in India.
Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993
- Came into force with retrospective effect in 1993.
Enacted to provide for the constitution of:
1. National Human Rights Commission (NHRC),
2. State Human Rights Commission (SHRC) and
3. Human Rights Courts for the protection of human rights.
Human Rights
According to Section 2 of the Act -“Human Rights” means the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International covenants and enforceable by courts in India.
#Polity_current #PT2020 #2MinRead
126th Constitution Amendment Bill 2019
- Parliament has passed 126th Constitution Amendment Bill 2019.
- It seeks to extend the reservation provided to the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes by 10 years.
- The reservation provided to the Anglo-Indian community, SC, ST was to end by January 25, 2020. The bill continues the reservation of seats for another 10 years that is till January, 25, 2030.
- The reservation has been included in Article 334 and therefore the bill seeks to amend the article.
126th Constitution Amendment Bill 2019
- Parliament has passed 126th Constitution Amendment Bill 2019.
- It seeks to extend the reservation provided to the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes by 10 years.
- The reservation provided to the Anglo-Indian community, SC, ST was to end by January 25, 2020. The bill continues the reservation of seats for another 10 years that is till January, 25, 2030.
- The reservation has been included in Article 334 and therefore the bill seeks to amend the article.
#PT2020 #Polity_current #2MinRead
Industrial Relations Code, 2019
- This is the third code under labor reforms.
- Under the labour reforms, forty-four laws are to be amalgamated into four codes.
- The four codes include wage rates, social security, industrial relations and industrial security and labor welfare.
Features of the industrial relations code
1. The code intends to simplify and rationalize the acts-
Ø Trade Union Act, 1926,
Ø Industrial Disputes Act, 1947,
Ø Industrial Employment Act, 1946.
2. Sets up a two-member tribunal to fasten the disposal of cases.
3. The code allows the companies to hire fixed-term contract workers.
(for a duration of 3 to 6 months or a year based on the season and orders)
Industrial Relations Code, 2019
- This is the third code under labor reforms.
- Under the labour reforms, forty-four laws are to be amalgamated into four codes.
- The four codes include wage rates, social security, industrial relations and industrial security and labor welfare.
Features of the industrial relations code
1. The code intends to simplify and rationalize the acts-
Ø Trade Union Act, 1926,
Ø Industrial Disputes Act, 1947,
Ø Industrial Employment Act, 1946.
2. Sets up a two-member tribunal to fasten the disposal of cases.
3. The code allows the companies to hire fixed-term contract workers.
(for a duration of 3 to 6 months or a year based on the season and orders)
#PT2020 #Polity_current
Bar Council of India (BCI)
Founded: 1961
A statutory body established under the Advocates Act, 1961.
It is mandated to regulate and represent Indian bar.
Functions:
performs regulatory function by prescribing standards of professional conduct and etiquette and by exercising disciplinary jurisdiction over the bar.
sets standards for legal education in the country and grants recognition to Universities whose degree in law will serve as qualification for enrolment as an advocate.
also perform representative functions by protecting rights, interests and privileges of advocates as well as provides financial assistance for organising welfare schemes for advocates.
BCI can only approve or gives recognition to LLB degree and LLM, and PhD degrees are not under its control
Bar Council of India (BCI)
Founded: 1961
A statutory body established under the Advocates Act, 1961.
It is mandated to regulate and represent Indian bar.
Functions:
performs regulatory function by prescribing standards of professional conduct and etiquette and by exercising disciplinary jurisdiction over the bar.
sets standards for legal education in the country and grants recognition to Universities whose degree in law will serve as qualification for enrolment as an advocate.
also perform representative functions by protecting rights, interests and privileges of advocates as well as provides financial assistance for organising welfare schemes for advocates.
BCI can only approve or gives recognition to LLB degree and LLM, and PhD degrees are not under its control
#PT2020 #Polity_Basics
Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India
Established in 2009 under Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India Act, 2008.
It is an independent economic regulator for protection of interests of airports, airlines and passengers.
Functions:
It regulates tariffs and other charges for aeronautical services provided at civilian airports with annual traffic above 15 lakh passengers.
It also monitors performance standard of services across these airports.
Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India
Established in 2009 under Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India Act, 2008.
It is an independent economic regulator for protection of interests of airports, airlines and passengers.
Functions:
It regulates tariffs and other charges for aeronautical services provided at civilian airports with annual traffic above 15 lakh passengers.
It also monitors performance standard of services across these airports.
#Govt_Initiative #PT2020
Bulk Drug Parks
- Launched in March 2020 by Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers
- Under it a Total of 4 medical devices parks and three Bulk Drug Parks (API) will be set up in the country.
- For encouraging the domestic production of Medical Devices and Active Pharmaceutical Products (API)
- It will be a production linked incentive scheme from the Central Government
- Central Funding - Rs 13760 crore
Bulk Drug Parks
- Launched in March 2020 by Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers
- Under it a Total of 4 medical devices parks and three Bulk Drug Parks (API) will be set up in the country.
- For encouraging the domestic production of Medical Devices and Active Pharmaceutical Products (API)
- It will be a production linked incentive scheme from the Central Government
- Central Funding - Rs 13760 crore
#IR_InNews #PT2020
India dropped from Construction of Chabahar-Zahedan Rail Project
- Dropped by Iran government citing reason of Delay in Funding.
- Project Agreement was signed between India and Iran
-It would have served India as an alternative Trade Route with Afghanistan and the Rest of Central Asian Countries
India dropped from Construction of Chabahar-Zahedan Rail Project
- Dropped by Iran government citing reason of Delay in Funding.
- Project Agreement was signed between India and Iran
-It would have served India as an alternative Trade Route with Afghanistan and the Rest of Central Asian Countries
#SnT_Currents #PT2020
PRAGYATA guidelines
- developed by Ministry of Human Resource and Development.
- focuses on digital education or online education.
- It will mainly help students who are presently at home due to COVID-19 Lockdown.
- It include eight steps of online learning. They are Plan, Review, Guide, Arrange, Talk, Assign, Track and Appreciate.
It provides suggestions to school heads, administrators, parents, teachers in the following
1. on planning digital education. This includes screen time, duration, inclusiveness, balanced online and offline activities.
2. Physical and mental health wellbeing during digital education.
3. Cyber safety
PRAGYATA guidelines
- developed by Ministry of Human Resource and Development.
- focuses on digital education or online education.
- It will mainly help students who are presently at home due to COVID-19 Lockdown.
- It include eight steps of online learning. They are Plan, Review, Guide, Arrange, Talk, Assign, Track and Appreciate.
It provides suggestions to school heads, administrators, parents, teachers in the following
1. on planning digital education. This includes screen time, duration, inclusiveness, balanced online and offline activities.
2. Physical and mental health wellbeing during digital education.
3. Cyber safety
#PT2020 #1liners
Ingenuity
- It is a robotic helicopter, to be deployed in Mars 2020 mission of NASA.
Mars Mission 2020
It will seek signs of habitable conditions on Mars and bio signatures of past microbial life.
COROSURE
- World’s most affordable COVID-19 kit, developed by IIT Delhi.
- The Testing capacity of India is to go up to 20 lakhs per day, from current 3 lakhs per day.
Ingenuity
- It is a robotic helicopter, to be deployed in Mars 2020 mission of NASA.
Mars Mission 2020
It will seek signs of habitable conditions on Mars and bio signatures of past microbial life.
COROSURE
- World’s most affordable COVID-19 kit, developed by IIT Delhi.
- The Testing capacity of India is to go up to 20 lakhs per day, from current 3 lakhs per day.
#Reports_InNews #PT2020
State of Food Security and Nutrition report.
- Released recently by UN
- prepared by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), World Health Organization (WHO), World Food Programme (WFP) and UNICEF.
- Report says that around 8.9% of the world population, that is 690 million went hungry in 2019.
State of Food Security and Nutrition report.
- Released recently by UN
- prepared by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), World Health Organization (WHO), World Food Programme (WFP) and UNICEF.
- Report says that around 8.9% of the world population, that is 690 million went hungry in 2019.
#IR_InNews #PT2020
15th India-European Union Summit (through video conferencing)
- Roadmap 2025 was created during the Summit(but No legal obligations)
- Decision on restarting free trade agreement (FTA) negotiations – Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA)
Areas of Cooperation
– research sharing for civil nuclear cooperation
- launch a maritime security dialogue
- negotiations between Europol and the CBI.
- Medical developments on vaccines and treatment.
15th India-European Union Summit (through video conferencing)
- Roadmap 2025 was created during the Summit(but No legal obligations)
- Decision on restarting free trade agreement (FTA) negotiations – Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA)
Areas of Cooperation
– research sharing for civil nuclear cooperation
- launch a maritime security dialogue
- negotiations between Europol and the CBI.
- Medical developments on vaccines and treatment.
#SnT_Currents #PT2020
Herd immunity ( Herd effect/social immunity)
- It is a form of indirect protection from infectious disease
- When a large percentage of a population becomes immune to an infection, through vaccination or previous infections, it breaks the chain of transmission.
Thus protects Non-immune individuals and stops the spread of a disease.
Herd immunity does not apply to all diseases, just those that are contagious
Herd immunity ( Herd effect/social immunity)
- It is a form of indirect protection from infectious disease
- When a large percentage of a population becomes immune to an infection, through vaccination or previous infections, it breaks the chain of transmission.
Thus protects Non-immune individuals and stops the spread of a disease.
Herd immunity does not apply to all diseases, just those that are contagious
#SnT_Currents #PT2020 #2MinRevise
Gaganyan: India’s first Human Space Mission
- first human spaceflight mission into the space in December 2021.
- By ISRO
- Spacecraft will orbit the Earth for seven days to a height of 350-400 km above the Earth.
Features
- Four Indian Air Force Pilots are to participate in the mission.
- It would comprise an effective crew escape system and ejection provisions for the pilots in case of rocket explosion.
- GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle will be used to launch Gaganyaan.
- ISRO Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) at Bengaluru will be responsible for implementation.
- Russia will provide semi cryogenic rocket engine technology to India under India’s Make – in – India Program
Gaganyan: India’s first Human Space Mission
- first human spaceflight mission into the space in December 2021.
- By ISRO
- Spacecraft will orbit the Earth for seven days to a height of 350-400 km above the Earth.
Features
- Four Indian Air Force Pilots are to participate in the mission.
- It would comprise an effective crew escape system and ejection provisions for the pilots in case of rocket explosion.
- GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle will be used to launch Gaganyaan.
- ISRO Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) at Bengaluru will be responsible for implementation.
- Russia will provide semi cryogenic rocket engine technology to India under India’s Make – in – India Program
#SnT_Currents #PT2020 #2MinRevise
Spy Satellite - RISAT-2BR1
- launched by ISRO in Dec 2019
- radar imaging reconnaissance satellite
- carried by PSLV-C48.
- The launch marked 50th successful mission of PSLV rocket and 75th launch vehicle mission from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.
Spy Satellite - RISAT-2BR1
- launched by ISRO in Dec 2019
- radar imaging reconnaissance satellite
- carried by PSLV-C48.
- The launch marked 50th successful mission of PSLV rocket and 75th launch vehicle mission from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.
#TermsInNews #PT2020
Milk Tea Alliance
- An informal term refers to an online democratic solidarity movement made up of netizens from Thailand, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.
- It arose in response to the increased presence of Chinese trolls and nationalist commentators on social media.
Milk Tea Alliance
- An informal term refers to an online democratic solidarity movement made up of netizens from Thailand, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.
- It arose in response to the increased presence of Chinese trolls and nationalist commentators on social media.
#IR_InNews #PT2020
Chiang Mai initiative (CMI)
It is a multilateral currency swap arrangement amongst the ASEAN , China, Japan and South Korea.
It was launched in 2010 to manage regional short-term liquidity problems and to avoid relying on the IMF
Chiang Mai initiative (CMI)
It is a multilateral currency swap arrangement amongst the ASEAN , China, Japan and South Korea.
It was launched in 2010 to manage regional short-term liquidity problems and to avoid relying on the IMF
#IR_OrgInNews #PT2020 #2MinRead
European Union
- It is an regional international organization
- Members - 27 European countries
- Objective- governing common economic, social, and security policies.
- created by the Maastricht Treaty,which entered into force on November 1, 1993.
- The treaty sought to enhance European political and economic integration by creating a single currency (the euro), a unified foreign and security policy, and common citizenship rights.
- It also envisioned cooperation in the areas of immigration, asylum, and judicial affairs.
European Union
- It is an regional international organization
- Members - 27 European countries
- Objective- governing common economic, social, and security policies.
- created by the Maastricht Treaty,which entered into force on November 1, 1993.
- The treaty sought to enhance European political and economic integration by creating a single currency (the euro), a unified foreign and security policy, and common citizenship rights.
- It also envisioned cooperation in the areas of immigration, asylum, and judicial affairs.
#IR_InNews #PT2020
Air Bubble
The term was coined during COVID-19 times.
It refers to transport and people connectivity between specific regions in the world, where COVID-19 has been contained to similar levels.
The scheme is being called as new avatar of “Vande Bharat Mission”
News - India forms Air Bubble with US, UK, UAE, Germany and France
Air Bubble
The term was coined during COVID-19 times.
It refers to transport and people connectivity between specific regions in the world, where COVID-19 has been contained to similar levels.
The scheme is being called as new avatar of “Vande Bharat Mission”
News - India forms Air Bubble with US, UK, UAE, Germany and France
#SnT_Basics #PT2020
India’s Nuclear Energy Programme
The nuclear energy programme in India was launched around the time of independence under the leadership of Homi J. Bhabha.
Objective: To provide safe and reliable electric power for the country’s social and economic progress and to be self reliant in all aspects of nuclear technology.
India has adopted a three stage strategy of nuclear power generation:
Stage 1 Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR):
The PHWR is a pressure tube type reactor using heavy water (D2O) moderator, heavy water coolant and natural uranium dioxide fuel.
Stage 2 Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR): India’s second stage of nuclear power generation uses the Pu-239 obtained from the first stage reactor operation, as the main fissile element of fuel core in fast breeder reactors (FBR).
Stage 3 Thorium based Reactor: Thorium utilization is the long term objective of the Indian Nuclear Power Programme.
In this stage Breeder reactors are based on Thorium- Uranium-233 cycle.
India’s Nuclear Energy Programme
The nuclear energy programme in India was launched around the time of independence under the leadership of Homi J. Bhabha.
Objective: To provide safe and reliable electric power for the country’s social and economic progress and to be self reliant in all aspects of nuclear technology.
India has adopted a three stage strategy of nuclear power generation:
Stage 1 Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR):
The PHWR is a pressure tube type reactor using heavy water (D2O) moderator, heavy water coolant and natural uranium dioxide fuel.
Stage 2 Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR): India’s second stage of nuclear power generation uses the Pu-239 obtained from the first stage reactor operation, as the main fissile element of fuel core in fast breeder reactors (FBR).
Stage 3 Thorium based Reactor: Thorium utilization is the long term objective of the Indian Nuclear Power Programme.
In this stage Breeder reactors are based on Thorium- Uranium-233 cycle.