#Polity_Constitutional_Evolution #2MinRevise #PT2020
Charter Act of 1833
- Final step towards centralisation
- G-G of Bengal was made G-G of India
Civil and military powers - vested in G-G
( First = William Bentinck)
- Legislative powers = Exclusively with G-G of India.
Governors of Bombay and Madras were relieved of Legislative powers
- East India Company was made purely administrative body.
Attempted to introduce open competition for selection of civil servants but rollback due to opposition from court of directors
Charter Act of 1833
- Final step towards centralisation
- G-G of Bengal was made G-G of India
Civil and military powers - vested in G-G
( First = William Bentinck)
- Legislative powers = Exclusively with G-G of India.
Governors of Bombay and Madras were relieved of Legislative powers
- East India Company was made purely administrative body.
Attempted to introduce open competition for selection of civil servants but rollback due to opposition from court of directors
#Polity_current #1MinRead #PT2020
eGramSwaraj Portal
Platform to provide work details/records of all the panchayats under Gram Panchayat Development Plan (GPDP)
Launched by Ministry of Panchayati Raj, on Panchayt Raj Day - 24th April
It will help speed-up the implementation of projects in rural areas.
eGramSwaraj Portal
Platform to provide work details/records of all the panchayats under Gram Panchayat Development Plan (GPDP)
Launched by Ministry of Panchayati Raj, on Panchayt Raj Day - 24th April
It will help speed-up the implementation of projects in rural areas.
#Polity_current #2MinRead #PT2020
Swamitva Scheme
-Objective - measuring the inhabited land in villages and rural areas with latest surveying technology such as drones.
- Launched by Ministry of Panchayati Raj, on Panchayt Raj Day - 24th April.
- It will create records of land ownership.
- Mapping and survey will be conducted by Survey of India, State Revenue Department and State Panchayati Raj Department under the Ministry of Panchayati Raj.
Significance
- will facilitate tax collection, new building plan and issuance of permits.
- Help in reducing the disputes over property.
- Easier bank loans availability.
- It will enable government in effectively planning for the infrastructural programs.
Swamitva Scheme
-Objective - measuring the inhabited land in villages and rural areas with latest surveying technology such as drones.
- Launched by Ministry of Panchayati Raj, on Panchayt Raj Day - 24th April.
- It will create records of land ownership.
- Mapping and survey will be conducted by Survey of India, State Revenue Department and State Panchayati Raj Department under the Ministry of Panchayati Raj.
Significance
- will facilitate tax collection, new building plan and issuance of permits.
- Help in reducing the disputes over property.
- Easier bank loans availability.
- It will enable government in effectively planning for the infrastructural programs.
#Environment_Current #1MinRead #PT2020
Under2 Coalition
- a coalition of subnational governments to achieve greenhouse gases emissions mitigation.
- Started in 2015, in USA(California)
- Members - about 220 worldwide
Under2 Coalition
- a coalition of subnational governments to achieve greenhouse gases emissions mitigation.
- Started in 2015, in USA(California)
- Members - about 220 worldwide
#Environment_Current #2MinRead #PT2020
Colombo Declaration on Sustainable Nitrogen Management
- In October 2019, the member states of the United Nations endorsed a Road Map for action on nitrogen challenges.
- It was organized by Sri Lanka with the support of the UN and its member nations.
- The aim of the Declaration is to halve nitrogen waste by 2030.
- Environment ministers and officials from more than 30 countries attended the event
- The event endorsed UN plans for a campaign called “Nitrogen for Life”.
Colombo Declaration on Sustainable Nitrogen Management
- In October 2019, the member states of the United Nations endorsed a Road Map for action on nitrogen challenges.
- It was organized by Sri Lanka with the support of the UN and its member nations.
- The aim of the Declaration is to halve nitrogen waste by 2030.
- Environment ministers and officials from more than 30 countries attended the event
- The event endorsed UN plans for a campaign called “Nitrogen for Life”.
#Environment_Current #PT2020 #2MinRead
Anthurium
- It is one of the best domestic flowering plants in the world.
- It purifies the surrounding air and remove harmful airborne chemicals like formaldehyde, ammonia, toluene, xylene, and allergens..
News
- D Vasini Bai, from Kerala, has developed 10 varieties of Anthurium.
- National Innovation Foundation-India (NIF) has facilitated large scale production of four highly demanded varieties through tissue culture technique at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore.
Anthurium
- It is one of the best domestic flowering plants in the world.
- It purifies the surrounding air and remove harmful airborne chemicals like formaldehyde, ammonia, toluene, xylene, and allergens..
News
- D Vasini Bai, from Kerala, has developed 10 varieties of Anthurium.
- National Innovation Foundation-India (NIF) has facilitated large scale production of four highly demanded varieties through tissue culture technique at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore.
#SnT_Currents #PT2020 #1MinRead
PRACRITI
- PRACRITI = PRediction and Assessment of CoRona Infections and Transmission in India
- a web-based dashboard for predicting the spread of Covid-19.
- Developed by IIT Delhi.
- It gives detailed state-wise and district-wise predictions of Covid-19 cases.
PRACRITI
- PRACRITI = PRediction and Assessment of CoRona Infections and Transmission in India
- a web-based dashboard for predicting the spread of Covid-19.
- Developed by IIT Delhi.
- It gives detailed state-wise and district-wise predictions of Covid-19 cases.
#Polity_Constitutional_Evolution #PT2020 #1MinRevise
Charter Act - 1853
- Last in charter series
- Separation of legislative and executive functions of Governor-Generals Council
- Central Legislative Council to be functioned as Mini parliament.
- Open competition for civil service and it was opened to Indians
( On recommendations of Macaulay committee appointed in 1854 committee on Indian Civil service.)
- Local representation in Indian Legislative Council introduced 4 out of 6 members to be appointed by local governments of Bombay Madras, Bengal and Agra.
Charter Act - 1853
- Last in charter series
- Separation of legislative and executive functions of Governor-Generals Council
- Central Legislative Council to be functioned as Mini parliament.
- Open competition for civil service and it was opened to Indians
( On recommendations of Macaulay committee appointed in 1854 committee on Indian Civil service.)
- Local representation in Indian Legislative Council introduced 4 out of 6 members to be appointed by local governments of Bombay Madras, Bengal and Agra.
#Ancient_India #PT2020 #2MinRead
Buddist Councils Part 1/3
First Buddhist Council: 400 BC
- Held soon after the mahaparinirvana of the Buddha
-patronage of king Ajatshatru
- Presided by - monk Mahakasyapa ,
- at Rajgriha, in the Sattapani Cave.
- The idea was to preserve Buddha’s teachings (Sutta Pitaka) and rules for disciples (Vinaya Pitaka).
Second Buddhist Council : 383 BC
- Held to settle a dispute on Vinaya Pitaka(Rules of discipline)
- Held at Vaishali
- patronage of King Kalasoka
- presided by Sabakami.
- The dispute was on 10 Points such as storing salt in horn, eating after midday, eating once etc
- Disputes were not settled and paved the way for emergence of Buddhist sects - Sthaviravada, Mahasanghika and Sarvastivada.
Buddist Councils Part 1/3
First Buddhist Council: 400 BC
- Held soon after the mahaparinirvana of the Buddha
-patronage of king Ajatshatru
- Presided by - monk Mahakasyapa ,
- at Rajgriha, in the Sattapani Cave.
- The idea was to preserve Buddha’s teachings (Sutta Pitaka) and rules for disciples (Vinaya Pitaka).
Second Buddhist Council : 383 BC
- Held to settle a dispute on Vinaya Pitaka(Rules of discipline)
- Held at Vaishali
- patronage of King Kalasoka
- presided by Sabakami.
- The dispute was on 10 Points such as storing salt in horn, eating after midday, eating once etc
- Disputes were not settled and paved the way for emergence of Buddhist sects - Sthaviravada, Mahasanghika and Sarvastivada.
#Ancient_India #PT2020 #2MinRead
Buddhist Councils Part 2/3
Third Buddhist Council: 250 BC
- at Pataliputra
- patronage of King Asoka
- Presided by Moggaliputta Tissa.
- Abhidhamma Pitaka was introduced
- The teachings of Buddha- now classified in 3 categories(known as “Tripitaka”).
- It also tried to settle all the disputes of Vinaya Pitaka.
Fourth Buddhist Council: 72AD
- at Kundalvana, Kashmir
- Patronage of Kushan king Kanishka
- presided by Vasumitra
- council divided the Buddhism into 2 sects Mahayan & Hinayan.
Buddhist Councils Part 2/3
Third Buddhist Council: 250 BC
- at Pataliputra
- patronage of King Asoka
- Presided by Moggaliputta Tissa.
- Abhidhamma Pitaka was introduced
- The teachings of Buddha- now classified in 3 categories(known as “Tripitaka”).
- It also tried to settle all the disputes of Vinaya Pitaka.
Fourth Buddhist Council: 72AD
- at Kundalvana, Kashmir
- Patronage of Kushan king Kanishka
- presided by Vasumitra
- council divided the Buddhism into 2 sects Mahayan & Hinayan.
#Polity_Constitutional_Evolution #PT2020 #2MinRevise
Government of India Act 1858
- Also called as 'Act for the Good Governance of India'.
- Abolished East India company and transferred all power to Crown
- G-G of India was made Viceroy of India( Lord Canning was first).
- Ended the dual government system (removed Board of Control and court of directors)
- Secretary of State - new office created, which had complete authority and control over Indian Administration. He was a member of British cabinet
- Council of India(15 Members) was created to assist secretary of state. It was a advisory body and chairman was secretary of state.
Government of India Act 1858
- Also called as 'Act for the Good Governance of India'.
- Abolished East India company and transferred all power to Crown
- G-G of India was made Viceroy of India( Lord Canning was first).
- Ended the dual government system (removed Board of Control and court of directors)
- Secretary of State - new office created, which had complete authority and control over Indian Administration. He was a member of British cabinet
- Council of India(15 Members) was created to assist secretary of state. It was a advisory body and chairman was secretary of state.
#Ancient_India #PT2020
Buddhist Councils - Part 3/3
Fifth Buddhist Council: 1871
- Held at Mandalay, Burma.
- patronage of King Mindon.
- presided by Jagarabhivamsa, Narindabhidhaja, and Sumangalasami.
- The idea was to recite all the teachings of the Buddha and examine them systematically if any of them was dropped or altered.
Sixth Buddhist Council : 1954
- Held at Yangoon, Burma
- patronage of Burmese Government led by Prime Minister U Nu.
- Presided by - Mahasi Sayadaw and Bhadanta Vicittasarabhivamsa.
- It was aimed to preserve the genuine Dhamma and Vinaya Pitaka.
Buddhist Councils - Part 3/3
Fifth Buddhist Council: 1871
- Held at Mandalay, Burma.
- patronage of King Mindon.
- presided by Jagarabhivamsa, Narindabhidhaja, and Sumangalasami.
- The idea was to recite all the teachings of the Buddha and examine them systematically if any of them was dropped or altered.
Sixth Buddhist Council : 1954
- Held at Yangoon, Burma
- patronage of Burmese Government led by Prime Minister U Nu.
- Presided by - Mahasi Sayadaw and Bhadanta Vicittasarabhivamsa.
- It was aimed to preserve the genuine Dhamma and Vinaya Pitaka.
#Environment_Current #PT2020 #2MinRead
Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD)
- It is a quantitative estimate of the amount of aerosol present in the atmosphere.
-measures the extinction of a ray of light as it passes through the atmosphere.
- can be used as a proxy for surface PM2. 5
News - aerosol levels in northern India at the beginning of April were the lowest in 20 years.
(Resason- Lockdown). Aerosols contribute significantly in DELHI-NCR Pollution.
Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD)
- It is a quantitative estimate of the amount of aerosol present in the atmosphere.
-measures the extinction of a ray of light as it passes through the atmosphere.
- can be used as a proxy for surface PM2. 5
News - aerosol levels in northern India at the beginning of April were the lowest in 20 years.
(Resason- Lockdown). Aerosols contribute significantly in DELHI-NCR Pollution.
#Environment #PT2020
Aerosols
- Tiny solid and liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere are called aerosols.
- Examples - Windblown dust, sea salts, volcanic ash, smoke from wildfires, pollutents from factories etc
- Depending upon their size, type, and location, aerosols can either cool the surface, or warm it.
Aerosols
- Tiny solid and liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere are called aerosols.
- Examples - Windblown dust, sea salts, volcanic ash, smoke from wildfires, pollutents from factories etc
- Depending upon their size, type, and location, aerosols can either cool the surface, or warm it.
#Polity_Constitutional_Evolution #PT2020 #2MinRead
Indian councils Act 1861
- Beginning of representative Institutions by associating Indians
- Viceroy to nominate some Indian members as non-official members.
- Decentralization process initiated Legislative powers restored to Bombay and Madras.
- new legislative Councils for North West frontier province and Punjab.
- Portfolio system was recognised (introduced by Canning)
member of Viceroy Council was made in charge of particular department.
- Viceroy empowered to issue emergency ordinances valid for 6 months
Indian councils Act 1861
- Beginning of representative Institutions by associating Indians
- Viceroy to nominate some Indian members as non-official members.
- Decentralization process initiated Legislative powers restored to Bombay and Madras.
- new legislative Councils for North West frontier province and Punjab.
- Portfolio system was recognised (introduced by Canning)
member of Viceroy Council was made in charge of particular department.
- Viceroy empowered to issue emergency ordinances valid for 6 months
#Economy_Current #PT2020
Special Liquidity Facility for Mutual Funds (SLF-MF) Of 50k Crores.
- RBI is to conduct repo operations of 90 days at the fixed repo rate.
- The SLF-MF is on-tap and open-ended. Banks would submit their bids to avail funding.
- The scheme is available from 27 April till May 11 or up to utilization of the allocated amount.
- Funds to be used exclusively for meeting the liquidity requirements of
(1) extending loans,
(2) undertaking outright purchase of and/or repos against the collateral of investment grade corporate bonds, commercial papers (CPs), debentures and certificates of Deposit (CDs) etc.
Special Liquidity Facility for Mutual Funds (SLF-MF) Of 50k Crores.
- RBI is to conduct repo operations of 90 days at the fixed repo rate.
- The SLF-MF is on-tap and open-ended. Banks would submit their bids to avail funding.
- The scheme is available from 27 April till May 11 or up to utilization of the allocated amount.
- Funds to be used exclusively for meeting the liquidity requirements of
(1) extending loans,
(2) undertaking outright purchase of and/or repos against the collateral of investment grade corporate bonds, commercial papers (CPs), debentures and certificates of Deposit (CDs) etc.
#IR_OrgInNews #PT2020 #2MinRead
Export Control Regimes Part 1/4
Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)
- formed in 1987 by the G-7 counries.
- Members - 35 (India - 35th Member- joined in 2016)
- Informal, voluntary grouping of countries
- Aims to check the proliferation of missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) Capable of Min 500kg (WMD) payload, with range of at least 300km.
# also focuses on any equipment/ software/technology that can enable a nation to produce such systems.
# not a treaty, hence not legally binding
# It coordinates individual national export licensing policies towards a common export policy that regulates the sale of any such systems.
# MTCR maintains a common list of items, including dual-use technology and components, which can be used to deliver WMDs.
Export Control Regimes Part 1/4
Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)
- formed in 1987 by the G-7 counries.
- Members - 35 (India - 35th Member- joined in 2016)
- Informal, voluntary grouping of countries
- Aims to check the proliferation of missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) Capable of Min 500kg (WMD) payload, with range of at least 300km.
# also focuses on any equipment/ software/technology that can enable a nation to produce such systems.
# not a treaty, hence not legally binding
# It coordinates individual national export licensing policies towards a common export policy that regulates the sale of any such systems.
# MTCR maintains a common list of items, including dual-use technology and components, which can be used to deliver WMDs.
#IR_OrgInNews #PT2020 #2MinRead
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)
News - Recently, USA has accused China and Russia of conducting nuclear tests with low yields, in violation CTBT.
- It is a multilateral treaty that bans all nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military purposes, in all environments.
- adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1996.
- 168 states have ratified the CTBT and another 17 states have signed but not ratified it
- will enter into force 180 days after the Treaty has been ratified by 44 States, listed in Annex 2 of the Treaty.
- Eight States that needs to ratify - China, North Korea, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, Pakistan and the United States.
- States NOT Signed - India, North Korea and Pakistan
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO)
founded - 1996
headquartered - Vienna.
It promotes the Treaty so that it can enter into force.
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)
News - Recently, USA has accused China and Russia of conducting nuclear tests with low yields, in violation CTBT.
- It is a multilateral treaty that bans all nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military purposes, in all environments.
- adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1996.
- 168 states have ratified the CTBT and another 17 states have signed but not ratified it
- will enter into force 180 days after the Treaty has been ratified by 44 States, listed in Annex 2 of the Treaty.
- Eight States that needs to ratify - China, North Korea, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, Pakistan and the United States.
- States NOT Signed - India, North Korea and Pakistan
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO)
founded - 1996
headquartered - Vienna.
It promotes the Treaty so that it can enter into force.
#SnT_Currents #PT2020 #2MinRead
Spike LR Missiles
- Recently, Indian Army successfully test fired these missiles at Mhow(MP)
- 4th generation Anti-Tank missiles
with Fire and forget capability
Target Range up to 4 km.
- India - 33rd country in the world to have Spike missile.
- developed by Israel. India acquired them through transfer of technology.
It is man-portable and has its own vehicle-launch and helicopter-launch variants.
Spike LR Missiles
- Recently, Indian Army successfully test fired these missiles at Mhow(MP)
- 4th generation Anti-Tank missiles
with Fire and forget capability
Target Range up to 4 km.
- India - 33rd country in the world to have Spike missile.
- developed by Israel. India acquired them through transfer of technology.
It is man-portable and has its own vehicle-launch and helicopter-launch variants.
#SnT_Currents #PT2020 #2MinRead
ASTRA Missiles
News - India to increase the range of ASTRA missiles.
- It is Beyond-visual-range all-weather air-to-air missile developed by DRDO.
- first air-to-air missile developed by India.
- Current Target Range up to 110 km
Planned Range would be 160km
- Speed - Mach 4.7
- They are integrated with Sukhoi Su-30 MKI aircrafts.
There are also plans to integrate the missiles with other aircrafts like Dassault, MiG-29, HAL Tejas.
ASTRA Missiles
News - India to increase the range of ASTRA missiles.
- It is Beyond-visual-range all-weather air-to-air missile developed by DRDO.
- first air-to-air missile developed by India.
- Current Target Range up to 110 km
Planned Range would be 160km
- Speed - Mach 4.7
- They are integrated with Sukhoi Su-30 MKI aircrafts.
There are also plans to integrate the missiles with other aircrafts like Dassault, MiG-29, HAL Tejas.