Devils Below
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Analysis, daily updates on exploitation of Africa’s mineral wealth.

👀 Money flows, bribes, pollution - keeping you aware of what you would otherwise overlook.
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🔴Iran Strikes Saudi Oil Field🔴

🔥 Footage of a massive fire — allegedly from an Iranian airstrike on a Saudi oil facility — has surfaced online. However, there is more to to it than just another Iranian strike on the Gulf country.

It’s the fulfillment of Iran’s long-standing promises. Back in 2019, Iran’s proxies already used attacks on UAE and Saudi oil infrastructure as a means to alienate the American allies from the US amid another Iran-US escalation.

Since the consequences were severe, Iran later used the threat of new strikes as leverage to prevent Gulf monarchies from supporting U.S. military operations. And it worked—for a long time, the UAE and Saudi Arabia refused to provide their airspace and airbases to the Americans.

🔫 While it’s unclear if the monarchies really sided with the US in the latest attack, Iran decided to retaliate by targeting US military sites in the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Bahrain.

Even amid these attacks, striking an oil field is something entirely different — it’s a threat not to the US bases, but to the Gulf states’ oil interests. If the ayatollahs’ regime holds long enough to keep this up, we may well see concessions from US Gulf allies.

And, of course, fuel prices will skyrocket.

✈️ Stay informed - @devilsbelow
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🔥 Iran Closes the Strait of Hormuz

⚠️ Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Iran’s elite military force, is reportedly telling ships that transit through the Strait of Hormuz is “not allowed,” putting the world’s trade chokepoint on edge.

🔸 A European Union naval mission Aspides official said yesterday that vessels started receiving VHF radio transmissions from Iran’s Revolutionary Guards saying “no ship is allowed to pass the Strait of Hormuz,” while Iran has not formally confirmed any order.

🔸 The warning landed as the US and Israel attacked Iran and I was finishing the post about why the situation around Iran and the Strait of Hormuz is bound to have a significant impact on the world's trade in oil.

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Twenty Burkinabes Arrested in Ghana

🌐 In one of its most successful raids, Ghana police arrested 38 suspected illegal miners near New Abirem, including 17 Burkinabè nationals and nine juveniles aged 13–17.

Investigators are reportedly “looking into the kingpins” because the equipment on site signals “significant financial backing.”

🔸 The February 27 raid hit a sophisticated gold mining setup hidden within a palm plantation at Ntoranang — officers destroyed pumps, power plants, hoses and makeshift shelters, and the suspects are due in court on March 2.

🔸 While 17 miners were of Burkinabe origin, i.e. foreign nationals, more alarming is the fact that among the remaining 21, 9 were teenagers. The growing involvement of children and teenagers in illegal mining is due to the fact that this type of activity, like sports betting, promises quick and big earnings.

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The Chinese Start Announcing New Factories in Zimbabwe

🌐 Construction has begun on a new lithium sulphate plant in Zimbabwe, led by Sichuan Yahua Industrial Group, a Chinese lithium chemicals company.

🔸 Harare just suspended exports of all raw minerals and lithium concentrates with immediate effect, including shipments in transit, citing “malpractices” and leakages.

🔸As we have already written, this step is aimed at putting pressure on mining companies to start announcing the construction of factories before the enactment of the original lithium concentrates exports ban, expected in 2027.

🔸Yahua itself said its understanding is that the measures mainly target illegal exports and expects to receive permission within two weeks to resume shipments.

Naturally, the company expects the resumption of exports now — and how long will it take to complete the recently announced factory, doesn't really matter. Maybe never.

✈️ Stay informed - @devilsbelow
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🇨🇩 DR Congo’s president Félix Tshisekedi has replaced Gécamines’ chair and CEO after they opposed a US-backed deal.

🌐 Reuters says Tshisekedi removed Guy Robert Lukama as chair and Placide Nkala Basadilua as CEO of Gécamines, Congo’s state mining company, and appointed Deogratias Ngele Masudi as chair and Baraka Kabemba as CEO.

The shake-up is linked to Kinshasa’s talks with Washington on a minerals partnership. Gécamines owns mining leases of Chemaf — the company that the US-based Virtus Minerals seeks to take over with the backing of Washington.

Gecamines blocked the sale of Chemaf to the Chinese back in 2024, but its management was apparently unhappy about just handing the assets over to the Americans instead, seeking to establish its own control over Chemaf's copper and cobalt mine — now the transfer may advance without obstacles.

Although the DRC, in exchange for its zealous defense of American interests, has already been able to liberate the city of Uvira just for free (the M23 withdrew from there after Trump's request), Washington is not yet ready for further engagement in the conflict.

Even sanctions against Rwanda, for which Senator Lindsey Graham allegedly personally stood up, apparently no one will be introduced yet.

#News

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Senegal: Art of Ignoring Problems at Home and Abroad

🌐Two Senegalese NGOs have filed a case against BP, the famous British oil-and-gas major, and a US oil company Kosmos, with the UK National Contact Point, a mechanism handling OECD complaints. The NGOs' claim is tied to the GTA offshore LNG project on the maritime border between Senegal and Mauritania.

🔸The two NGOs accuse the multinationals of polluting environment around the fishing livelihoods in the region, also referring to instances of restricted access around the project for fishermen. Civil society representatives are also challenging the validity of an environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) created by BP.

🔸According to the authors of the complaint. the Senegalese authorities have largely ignored local concerns, adding that the OECD looks like a body whose ruling they won't be able to neglect.

💸However, while the Senegalese government is struggling with debts to France and the IMF, gas dollars are needed to keep the situation under control. It is unlikely that the project ultimate beneficiaries will create obstacles for the debts repayment and the flow of gas earnings for the sake of a few local fishermen.

#News

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Good morning!

Everyone shares photos of occasional drone strikes on Dubai hotels — and I have compiled something more economically devastating: a selection of Iran's strikes on the oil infrastructure in the Persian Gulf.

🔴 The 1st photo and video: the consequences of the strike on the Saudi Ras Tanura refinery.

The 2nd photo shows a fire on a tanker sailing through the Strait of Hormuz in defiance of Iran's ban. In general, traffic has not stopped there and tankers generally ignore this ban.

For some reason Iran is holding back — since the infrastructure is defenseless, they could possibly knock out half of all oil refining in Saudi Arabia at once, as they already did in 2019.

💡 Anytime you've ideas to suggest, interesting topics to share, or feel that some facts are unfairly overlooked — don’t hesitate to drop a comment here or DM the channel.

✈️ Stay informed - @devilsbelow
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🔵Breakthrough on Diplomatic Front?🔵

The United States eventually hit Rwanda’s Rwanda Defence Force with sanctions

🌐 The US has imposed sanctions targeting the RDF and its senior officers, with Washington calling for an immediate withdrawal from eastern Congo and blaming Rwanda’s backing for the battlefield gains of AFC/M23.

🔸 OFAC, a U.S. Treasury Department sanctions office, lists four designated individuals including Vincent Nyakarundi, Rwanda’s army chief of staff, alongside the RDF as an entity.

💬The RDF has supported M23 as it seized territory in eastern DRC, including provincial capitals Goma and Bukavu, along with strategic mining sites in eastern DRC.


⁉️ The 4 officers and RDF themselves are not particularly in danger — except for the seizure of their property in the US and the ban on transactions involving them — which can be successfully ignored as long as sanctions don't touch Rwanda's Ministry of Defense.

🔸While its a major event, the sanctions were intended as symbolic in order to demonstrate peacekeeping activity in the east of the DRC, or, more likely, to hint to Rwanda and the M23 that it was time to allow the US to access minerals under their control, which Washington clearly had its eye on.

#News

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🔵Nigeria: 30-Year Old Story Repeats Itself🔵

Nigeria
signed a $1.3 billion pact to build a new alumina refinery — despite having already lost one due to power shortages

🌐 The deal with Africa Finance Corporation, a development finance institution, includes the development of an alumina refinery designed to process 1 million tonnes of bauxite a year and run on a gas-fired cogeneration plant for steam and power.

🔸 The same statement projects 20 years of operation at 95% utilisation and total output of 19 million tonnes of alumina, plus $1.2 billion a year added to GDP and $8 billion in foreign exchange earnings across the project’s life.

🔸In the 1990s, Nigeria had already built an aluminum plant, ALSCON, which was also supposed to produce crazy amounts of aluminum. After that, it turned out that there was not enough power to operate from the national grid, and a local plant couldn't produce it due to gas shortages.

Nigeria is full of industrial plants that the government has built forgetting about power or infrastructure — against the background of constant blackouts due to the debts and lack of gas supply, I assume that building new ones wouldn't really help.

#News

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Meet the 2-Meter Stretch of Road That Holds Up the Global Copper Market

This isn’t the Strait of Hormuz — here, Iran isn’t needed to disrupt global trade.

🌐 On February 28, in Zambia’s Kasumbalesa border area, heavy rains caused small flooding that destroyed a bridge, which used to transport Congolese copper to South African ports.

🔸 While Zambia and Congo share other border crossings, Kasumbalesa is the main one, and often has queues of lorries stretching for tens of miles as they wait to cross.

🚀 Unlike the Middle East, no one fired rockets at this bridge, but its concrete structure still collapsed damaged by the endless stream of ore trucks.

🔸Now, this critical transport artery is blocked — not just for trucks, but also for ordinary people crossing the border between the two countries. Reportedly, Zambia's Road Agency is going to restore access to the route in a couple of hours from now.

Infrastructure is my favorite topic in mining. You can always tell when someone cut corners just by looking at the roads.

#News

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No One Cares How Many People Died?

Yet another landslide in eastern DRC fuels information warfare

🌐Another major landslide at DR Congo’s Rubaya coltan mine on Tuesday results in an undefined death toll, with Kinshasa and M23 pointing at strikingly different numbers of victims.

The landslide follows a similar tragedy on February 28, which allegedly killed some 200 miners.

🔸 From the beginning, both tragedies were about the Kinshasa-M23 tug-of-war, and to lesser extent about the victims. The Congo mines ministry claimed the death toll this time also amounted to 200 people, including 70 children — while AFC/M23 said “only 5-6” people died.

🔸 While the Rubaya mine is currently under control of AFC/M23, in early February it was mentioned on the list of projects Kinshasa offered to the US under the Strategic Partnership Framework.

The Tuesday landslide is now turning into an excellent reason for Kinshasa and Washington to increase pressure on the rebels and Rwanda to squeeze the asset under the pretext of greater safety for workers — and having turned into a politically sensitive propaganda tool, people's deaths are unlikely to be ever investigated.

#News

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🔵Chinese Mines Protected Better Than Embassies and Military Bases🔵

🇿🇼 Chinese mining supervisor Yang Zhian has been jailed for an effective 5 years after a court found him guilty of culpable homicide in the death of a Zimbabwean gold panner.

The incident happened at Long Fortune Mine, a gold site in Zimbabwe, when 31-year-old Pardon Gumbo was shot in the forehead on 5 March 2025.

🔸 That day the deceased and a group of artisanal miners had illegally entered the site. When a security guard failed to stop them, Zhian fired towards the group. Gumbo was struck on the forehead and later pronounced dead.

🔸The Bulawayo High Court acquitted Yang of murder but called use of a firearm “reckless,” sentencing him to eight years with three suspended, leaving an effective five.

💬The use of a firearm in those circumstances was completely reckless, said Justice Chivhayo, the judge who handed the sentence.


The family rejected small compensation offers and called the sentence inadequate. The fact that murder on the territory of a foreign mine in Zimbabwe is not considered murder, as if it were an embassy, is a disgrace, despite all the successes in Zimbabwe's industrial policy.

#News

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Nigeria’s Central Bank has raised gold reserves to $3.5bn through buying locally refined bullion.

🌐 The Central Bank of Nigeria says the gold was refined to international standards and added to official reserves as part of a reserve diversification push. This reportedly brings the CBN’s total gold holdings to $3.5bn.

🔸 The bullion was aggregated by the Solid Minerals Development Fund, Nigeria’s fiscal vehicle for mining proceeds, and bought in naira at prices linked to London Bullion Market benchmarks.

🔸The CBN thus accumulates gold in this way, spending only the domestic currency that it issues itself. DRC, Ghana, Zimbabwe and many other nations also have similar policies.

#News

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🔵March of memory🔵

A coalition of civil society groups in
Nigeria says oil cannot restart in Ogoniland until demands on justice, cleanup and local shares are met.

🌐 The groups, speaking at a solidarity peace walk in Nigeria's Port Harcourt in late February, demanded that issues like environmental degradation, human rights abuses and others be addressed first to heal the wounds of the Ogoni people as core conditions.

🔸 The protesters organised under “Project Ogonize” — led by Tech4Rural, a Nigerian social start‑up using tech for environmental advocacy — demand environmental remediation and want host communities to get stakeholder ownership in operations.

🔸 The CSOs also recall the 1990 presentation of the Ogoni Bill of Rights, the 1995 execution of the Ogoni nine and the 2011 United Nations Environmental Program report on the oil pollution in the area— insisting the Federal Government and companies like Shell address past harms first.

#News

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Forwarded from New Eastern Outlook
🚢📉 According to Kpler, tanker traffic through the Strait of Hormuz has fallen by 90% since the start of the Middle East war.

➡️The Strait of Hormuz is the only sea route from the Persian Gulf to the Indian Ocean. It is a key export route for oil, petroleum products, and liquefied natural gas from Gulf countries to global markets.

🟦The Strait of Hormuz closure in facts and figures:

🔵 Around 200 tankers carrying oil and petroleum products are effectively blocked in the Persian Gulf, with vessel traffic completely halted, according to Lloyd's List;
🔵The most acute congestion problem is observed among very large tankers (VLCCs); there are currently 60 such vessels in the Persian Gulf;
🔵 Among shipowners, the South Korean company Sinokor holds the largest share with six very large tankers (VLCCs) in the region;
🔵 This route typically carries 20 million barrels per day of oil and petroleum products, accounting for approximately 20% of global consumption;
🔵 About 20% of global oil trade and up to 30% of liquefied natural gas exports from the Persian Gulf countries pass through Hormuz, with no alternative routes for Qatar and the UAE;
🔵 More than 80% of the oil, petroleum products, and LNG transported through the strait are destined for Asian countries—China, India, Japan, and South Korea.

@NewEasternOutlook
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❗️ Energy Insecurity: How US President’s Whims Raised Costs for Everyone

As was easy to predict, the latest Trump-provoked exchange of explosive pleasantries in the Middle East has already driven up oil prices. On some markets, prices have surged by 12% compared to the moment the first Tomahawks were launched.

🔸 While one might hear that oil-producing countries like Nigeria and Angola benefit from this, the reality is that even there, it’s more about wealth shifting from people’s pockets into government ledgers and oil companies’ books: part of the increased revenue will come from higher domestic prices.

🔸For places without their own black gold, there’s only sympathy to offer. Even before such price hikes, rumors of fuel shortages alone have sparked panic at gas stations in several cases.

📣 The most extreme reaction came from Guinean drivers, who created a fuel shortage themselves by rushing to stockpile due to rumors of supply cuts, forcing the national oil company SONAP to issue a denial.

Similar denials were released by authorities in Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia. In Tanzania, the president herself took the initiative and demanded that strategic reserves be reinforced.

💸 Although there are no serious supply problems yet, further destruction of infrastructure in the Persian Gulf may indeed lead to long-term price increases — and the rise in oil prices will affect not only motorists, but also all consumers, as transportation of everything from food to iPhones will become more expensive.

Have you felt the price hike yet, or is it still not noticeable?

✈️ Stay informed - @devilsbelow
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