Devils Below
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Analysis, daily updates on exploitation of Africa’s mineral wealth.

👀 Money flows, bribes, pollution - keeping you aware of what you would otherwise overlook.
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🔴A Universal Scapegoat🔴

Illegal gold miners leave the city of Bulawayo without water supply

❗️ Zimbabwe's second largest city mayor says gold mining in the Umzingwane River catchment is devastating the city’s water supply. According to him, the Umzingwane Dam is now only 30% full, while nearby Mshabezi Dam, with minimal mining activity, is overflowing.

Bulawayo has been facing water supply disruptions for several years, regardless of the climate conditions — whether it's a season of droughts or a rainy period just like now.

However, in Zimbabwe illegal gold mining has become not only a major problem, but also a solution for those in the elite, who want to distract people's attention from the real failures of governance. Zimbabwe has banned riverbed mining, but in the popular view enforcement is a joke — so, why not blame anything on illegal miners?

While illegal mining is a problem, another and seemingly more sound explanation attributes the persistent water supply challenges to the government's inability to match Bulawayo's population growth by building new supply infrastructure.

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🔴 High-Profile Schemer Helps to Acquire Assets🔴

French oil major is selling its oil assets to a brand new Nigerian firm


🌐 TotalEnergies has sold its 10% stake in Nigerian onshore and shallow-water oil assets to Vaaris Resources, a brand new local firm founded by a local industry heavyweight. The deal marks another chapter in the exodus of international oil majors from Nigeria’s oil sector.

🔸Vaaris Resources, itself a consortium of local firms, was reportedly assembled by Austin Avuru, a man of impressive credentials: he was a co-founder and former CEO of another indigenous oil producer Seplat and since April 2025 he serves as a non-executive director of the state oil corporation NNPC.

🔸 The assets Vaaris is taking on—18 licenses in the Niger Delta—produced about 16,000 barrels a day for TotalEnergies in 2025. In 2024 the French giant had already tried to sell the same asset to a Mauritius-based company Chappal Energies, which allegedly failed to muster enough funds for the deal leading to its subsequent cancellation by the Nigerian oil regulator in September. One of the masterminds behind the inception of Chappal Energies back in 2020 was also Austin Avuru.

Having separated from Chappal in 2022, Avuru built up a record of a local industry heavyweight with links to both political and oil elites — which apparently makes it easier for him to gather funds and secure nods of approval from high-profile officials.

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🔴Norway's Not So Well-Oiled Affair in Congo 🔴

Two Norwegians and an oil company are charged with bribing Congo’s president

⚡️ Norwegian prosecutors have charged two citizens and an oil company with paying $25 million in bribes to Congo Republic President Denis Sassou Nguesso and his family in exchange for offshore drilling rights. Norway is often lauded as one of the world’s least corrupt countries, but its own citizens and companies are apparently not against greasing palms in one of Africa’s most resource-rich nations.

The alleged corruption centred on a 2016 oil licence application in which the now accused executives from Hemla Africa Holding AS, a subsidiary of Oslo-listed PetroNor, offered Sassou Nguesso and his relatives a quarter-share of revenues expected from a new oil concession.

Afterwards, a company which was controlled by the president's family, was given a 25% stake in Hemla E&P Congo, and received dividends of close to $25 million between 2018 and 2024.

This case is not new, as PetroNor already became object of an investigation in 2021, but that one was closed due to the lack of evidence. The presidency too has already been accused of taking bribes from other oil producers and traders, including ENI and Gunvor.

👀 Although these Norwegians have not been able to live up to their high moral standards abroad, at least now there's hope that the Norwegian judicial system will do its job properly - which cannot be said about the judicial system of the Congo, where the dubious affairs of the president and his family are consistently ignored.

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🔴In Casino One Must Know When to Stop🔴

🇨🇦🤝🇨🇳 Canadian company Allied Gold, which owns assets in Mali (the Sadiola mine), Côte d’Ivoire (several mines), and Ethiopia, has decided to sell itself outright to China’s largest mining company, Zijin, for $4 billion. One of the biggest shake-ups in Africa’s mining sector, the deal is the result of a deliberate Canadian strategy to shed risk.

🔸 The sale is about locking in profits amid the continued rise in gold prices. The Canadian company managed to assemble a unique collection of assets—all with large reserves and in operating condition. Some of them, such as the Malian Sadiola deposit, have gone through hell itself—from jihadist attacks (which stopped suspiciously quickly though) to legislative revisions in the state’s favor.

🔸 Now it is time for shareholders to skim the cream: holding on to risky operations no longer makes sense when they can be sold at the highest possible price. In place of Canadian capital will come Chinese capital—more tolerant of risk and able to lean on Beijing’s backing in extreme situations.

This major geopolitical shift, paradoxically, is unlikely to have much impact on local communities, since profits, which have long been flowing off to god knows where, will continue to flow out just the same.

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Algeria Remembers It Has Neighbors

👥 For long, Algeria found itself in a mysterious situation: formally one of Africa’s oil and gas leaders, yet not particularly eager to expand into neighboring markets—even though those neighbors would clearly not mind gaining new partners beyond the ever-present Chinese. Over a compact 5-day stretch from January 22 to 26, Algeria’s minister for hydrocarbons, Mohamed Arkab, managed to take several important steps to correct this imbalance.

🔸One such step was the Algerian minister’s visit to Chad on January 22–24. As before, concrete agreements focused on education and the exchange of expertise, although future involvement by Algeria’s Sonatrach in Chad’s oil production or refining cannot be ruled out.

🔸Immediately after Chad, Arkab headed to Niger, where discussions moved to more practical matters—the launch of production at Sonatrach’s long-standing Kafra project and issues surrounding the Trans-Saharan gas pipeline. The visit put an end to tensions that had emerged last spring when the Algerian army shot down a Malian drone. Promoting the start of production at the Kafra field clearly required fixing relations between the two countries.

While the construction of mega-projects like the Trans-Saharan gas pipeline remains more in the realm of fantasy—sorry, Nigeria—Algeria is clearly intent on exporting its expertise and capital to neighboring regions, where countries such as Niger and Chad increasingly see Algeria as a way out of dependence on China amid mounting difficulties with Western partners.

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🔵It’s Not Only Trump Who Wants Minerals🔵

Zambia’s army conducts a military operation to seize gold

🔫 Thoroughly inspired by the spirit of the times and soaring gold prices, Zambia’s army has carried out a full-fledged military operation—seizing the Kikonge gold deposit in the northwest of its own territory. According to reports, the army managed to drive around 1,000 illegal miners off the site.

🏹 Although the operation is being presented simply as the restoration of order and the rule of law, in reality it marks a full-scale paradigm shift for locals. For a long time, Kikonge deliberately had no large companies—only artisanal miners and cooperatives. That, in turn, had already led to an influx of enthusiasts from neighboring countries (Namibia, South Africa, and Tanzania) and clashes with police in July 2025.

❗️ While both episodes of security forces involvement were framed as “clearing” the area, the current intervention is tied not only to security concerns but also to a decision to hand the asset over to a new partner. In December, it was announced that the mine would be transferred to the private company Mining Mineral Resources, which operates in southern DRC and is linked to Congolese businessman of Indian origin Rahim Dhrolia. The state-owned ZMMC will also enter Kikonge alongside Dhrolia's company.

In this way, the Zambian government has decided to solve two problems at once—shifting the burden of guarding the area against foreigners onto a private partner and securing a larger share of the gold profits. Still, something suggests that once the foreigners are expelled and heavy machinery arrives, even legal local artisanal miners will find themselves shut out of access to the gold.

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🔵The King Is Unhappy with Nigerian Oil Queen🔵

Corruption hearings against Nigeria’s former oil minister open in London

🌐 Yesterday London saw the opening of the bribery trial of Diezani Alison-Madueke, former Nigerian minister of petroleum resources (2010–2015). She is accused of awarding government contracts worth millions to prominent businessmen in exchange for bribes.

The former first female president of OPEC is alleged to have accepted £100,000 in cash, designer goods from Harrods, and the use of UK properties—benefits said to have come mainly from two Nigerian businessmen, Kolawole Akanni Aluko and Olajide Omokore, linked to the indigenous energy groups Atlantic Energy and SPOG Petrochemicals in exchange for influence over Nigerian oil-and-gas contract awards.

As usual, London plays several roles at once in this story: the place where corrupt acts were committed, a safe haven for corrupt officials, and the final arbiter weighing the deeds of former Nigerianrulers for their propriety.

💸 If we set aside that the minister is effectively being tried for granting concessions to local companies, albeit corruptly, this reflects well on the British law enforcement. On the other hand, it reflects badly on Nigerian justice, which remains unable to pursue corrupt officials on its own and is forced to wait 10 years until gentlemen in London decide the fate of a former minister.

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Under Royal Patronage 👑

Saudi Arabia Gains New Influence in Africa


⚡️The international confrontation between Saudi Arabia and the UAE, which has already affected Yemen, is increasingly spreading to Africa. Sudan is next in line—its authorities have been actively seeking to exploit divisions among neighboring Gulf countries over the past few weeks.

One of the main incentives Sudan is using to attract Saudi princes is as usually gold. On January 17, a delegation from Sudan’s state-owned Sudanese Mineral Resources Company reached an agreement with the Saudi Gold Refinery Company to purchase Sudanese gold and potentially grant Saudis licenses to mine minerals.

In doing so, Sudan is attempting to reduce its dependence on gold exports to the UAE, which supports the anti-government Rapid Support Forces. On the other hand, such an agreement is unlikely to genuinely help the authorities in Khartoum break free from the UAE, since a lion's share of Sudan’s gold is exported illegally—and smugglers are unlikely to care about the official partnerships.

To sweeten this ambiguous situation, Sudan simultaneously plans to give Saudi companies priority access to contracts for the reconstruction of railways and ports—a prospect that, in a country ravaged by endless war, appears even more lucrative than the right to purchase evasive gold.

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Chaos is Time for Investments 📈

💰 In 2026, the government of Zimbabwe unexpectedly found itself with a nice boost to its budget—all thanks to the early implementation of increased royalties on gold mining, which local gold companies fiercely protested against at the end of 2025.

🔸The hike in fees to 10% was introduced in December 2025 through the 2026 national budget, contingent on gold prices exceeding $5,000 per ounce on the global market. At the time, it was worth around $4,000, and consulting firms and analysts predicted it would reach $5,000—if at all—only by the end of 2026.

🔸As usual, Trump turned out to be the culprit—though, in this case, fortunately for Zimbabwe. The international tensions of the recent months—the invasion of Venezuela, threats against Iran, and Greenland’s possible expansion of its military capabilities to three dogsleds—all drove Wall Street’s white-collar folks to stock up on gold in earnest.

Now, just as unexpectedly, the government faces the challenge of managing these new inflows into the treasury and diversifying the economy. For instance, it might consider such a megaproject like ensuring the population has access to water.

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🌐Struggle for the Iron Throne

There’s a joke that the width of an ancient Roman horse’s backside determined the width of the roads the Romans built in Britain, which in turn determined the gauge of U.S. railroads, limiting the size of rocket boosters that could be transported via them in the 20th century.

Another legacy of Roman horses is the feud now unfolding between Ivanhoe Atlantic and ArcelorMittal over West Africa’s iron.

Yesterday Liberia ratified an agreement with the Luxembourg-based company ArcelorMittal, extending the company’s rights to the Tokadeh iron deposit until 2075. The agreement also secures ArcelorMittal’s access to the Yekepa-Buchanan railway. The company reportedly plans to quadruple its ore production.

This aggressive staking of market is causing stress among competitors —especially the American company Ivanhoe Atlantic, which recently obtained permission to use the same railway to transport ore from Guinea. However, given ArcelorMittal’s expansion, the road will not be enough for both, experts say.

❗️ Unconfirmed rumours suggest these difficulties among others have already led to the resignation of the head of the American company few days ago.

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Why So Scared?🤔

Cornel Nangaa, the leader of the AFC/M23 rebel alliance, publicly declared that the strategic agreement between the DRC and the U.S. on access to minerals is deeply flawed and unconstitutional.

🔸What’s interesting about this is everything—from the tone to the timing. First, Nangaa was noticeably restrained in his wording—even articles here on the same issue sound more aggressive than his accusations of the deal’s shortcomings.

🔸Second, although the agreement was signed long ago and Congolese authorities have already made significant progress under it (with parliamentary ratification scheduled for March!), the rebels’ official condemnation has only just been voiced.

⭐️ This generally corresponds to AFC/M23’s strategy, aiming not just to seize territory but to establish full-fledged governing institutions—if not over all of the DRC, then at least in its eastern regions.

So, if Nangaa speaks too loudly about the illegality of handing over mineral assets, his plan to build a "legitimate DRC 2.0" can hardly expect support—or even non-interference—from Washington.

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Media is too big
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What is Known About Rubaya Mine Collapse?

❗️ More than 200 people were killed on Wednesday in a collapse at the Rubaya coltan mines in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), according to a spokesperson for the rebel-appointed governor of the province where the mine is located.

Rubaya, a mining town in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo’s North Kivu province, sits atop some of the world’s most valuable coltan-bearing ground.

Here is what is known 3 days after the tragedy:

➡️ More than 200 dead, one local official cited at least 227 confirmed dead. Reports include miners, children, and market women among the victims.

➡️ Local officials explained the collapse citing the rainy season and unstable ground.

➡️ Dozens of injured were taken to clinics in Rubaya, with some transfers toward Goma.

Apart from the shocking death toll, the event is still out an outstanding one:

➡️ Rubaya is one of the most prominent examples of exploitation of Congolese resources by the AFC/M23 rebels. The complex has been under the control of M23 since 2024, and UN experts have even documented that the group taxes production and trade there, generating at least $800,000 per month.

➡️ It produces about 15% of the world’s coltan, which is processed into tantalum, a heat-resistant metal that is in high demand by makers of mobile phones, computers, aerospace components.

Such unfortunate events occur on both sides of the frontline between Kigali and Kinshasa - for example, in November a similar mine collapse killed 32 miners in the southern DRC. The immediate reason is unreliability of makeshift pits and hand-dug, poorly supported tunnels where a single failure can cascade, particularly amid rainy seasons.

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The Mozambique LNG project, led by TotalEnergies, has officially resumed after a prolonged pause, aiming to generate its first liquefied natural gas in 2029.

The authorities promise additional 7,000 job places, while the project is already reportedly employing over 3000 Mozambican nationals. The stakeholders also say Mozambican companies will be involved in contracts worth over $4 billion, further stimulating the national economy.

Portrayed as set to make a big difference for the country's economic welfare, the resumption of activities was made official by a meeting between Daniel Chapo, President of the Republic of Mozambique, and Patrick Pouyanne, chairman and CEO of TotalEnergies on Thursday, January 29.

The project has faced numerous challenges, from security threats in the Cabo Delgado region to delays caused by the global pandemic to allegations of massive human right violations.

The discovery of vast natural gas reserves off the coast of Mozambique has attracted billion-dollar investments, but even before the initial launch deadline of 2019, expectations of gas revenues had already prompted one of the most ambitious corruption schemes in Mozambique's postcolonial history.

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After 16 years, Madagascar has lifted its moratorium on new mining permits, except for gold.

The Madagascar Council of Ministers announced companies may once again get new mining permits. The respective ban was initially imposed in 2010 to address governance weaknesses and modernize the country’s legal framework.

The urgency to reopen the mining sector increased following widespread unrest in late 2025. Mass youth-led protests over chronic water and power shortages, corruption, and poverty led to the removal of both the Prime Minister and the President.

📈 The new government, led by interim President Colonel Michaël Randrianirina is apparently seeking to leverage prospective revenues from mineral wealth to show tangible results of its short reign to the citizens.

Despite hosting valuable mineral resources, including one of the world’s largest nickel mines, Madagascar’s extractive exports and activities have been in decline. The moratorium, which was meant to be temporary, persisted through successive administrations, creating a queue of some 1,600 license applicants as of 2023.

While other mineral sectors are reopening, gold remains tightly controlled. The refers to its inability to effectively regulate the sector and establish a rigorous monitoring system. The country, nevertheless, does suffer from widespread artisanal activity, while only negligible amount of gold is declared officially.

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Did You Know What to Look for When Visiting Space?
[ History ]

🛰 Many believe that the Great Wall of China is visible from space, but in reality, that’s a myth—the wall is way too small. What you can see from orbit, however, are the craters of open-pit mines and the cities that have sprung up around them in southern DRC, in Africa’s Copperbelt.

Three major cities have grown along the mines and pits of this region: Kolwezi, Lubumbashi (DRC), and Ndola (Zambia). The straight-line distance from Kolwezi to Lubumbashi is about 250 km, and another 180 km to Ndola.

🌟 The fact that all of this is clearly visible from space clashes somewhat with another fact: the region’s record as a global open-pit mines construction hub can be traced back to a single Belgian company—one that still exists today.

That company was Union Minière du Haut-Katanga (UMHK), founded in 1906 to mine copper in Congo. Over the decades, it extracted resources worth $5.5 billion (at mid-20th-century exchange rates), digging pits near Kolwezi, Likasi (Shinkolobwe mine), Kipushi and Lubumbashi (Ruashi, Etoile mines).

There were some positives—like building railways, later abandoned—but the company is best remembered in popular memory for financially backing the secessionist quasi-state of Katanga, which rebelled against Patrice Lumumba’s government in 1960.

Interestingly, the original plan—to support the secessionists and thus avoid nationalization by Lumumba’s leftist government—failed on three levels. First, Katanga lost the war and was dissolved in 1963. Then, its former leader, Moise Tshombe, who became prime minister of the entire Congo, nationalized some company’s shares in 1964.

🔫Finally, on December 31, 1966, General Mobutu, who had seized power, nationalized UMHK entirely.

Since then, UMHK in Congo has become the public company Gécamines, which still manages the state’s shares in mineral assets. Meanwhile, the company’s European office evolved into Umicore, which also deals in minerals—though, of course, it can no longer turn part of another country into a lunar landscape.

#History

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Mali Doesn't Want to Share Gold With Burkina?

🌐On January 23, Mali detained five managers from the local operator of the Yanfolila gold mine (126km to the south from Bamako) over alleged violations of the country’s mining code.

🔸 The detained managers work for Société des Mines de Komana (SMK), a company owned by Burkinabé businessman Idrissa Nassa—a figure close to the government in Ouagadougou. Nassa’s West Africa-focused lender, Coris Bank International, acquired the Yanfolila mine from a UK-based company in 2025 through its subsidiary, Nioko Resources.

🔸 The employees were detained for allegedly failing to repatriate foreign currency from export revenues, a requirement under Mali’s mining code.

🔸 Nassa faces no friction with the government on his other projects: on January 28, Bamako approved an agreement to begin mining at a site operated by Australian company Toubani Resources, which had just days earlier secured an $80 million loan from Nassa.

The arrests likely stem from transactions conducted by the managers under the mine’s previous British owners. This was made possible by Mali’s localization policy, which mandates that most personnel be local—which creates jobs but also prevents managers from fleeing when asset moves to new owners.

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