🇮🇹Il T-72B3 Obr.2016 introduce la nuova corazza reattiva Relikt che va a colmare il principale difetto del T-72B3 Obr.2011 che era la corazza rimasta alle minacce degli anni '90, la corazza Relikt è integrata nello scafo frontale, sui lati (quelle piastre rettangolari lungo tutta l'altezza del fianco), sulla torretta frontale (cunei) e sui lati della torretta in quei grossi pacchetti verticali, che contengono fino a quattro moduli relikt posizionati angolati verso tutte le direzioni, così che un colpo sul lato non impatti a 90° poiché con questa angolazione si perde la componente laterale del movimento della piastra contro il proiettile (che appunto funziona se è obliquo proprio perché composto di una componente laterale rispetto al moto).
Relikt è concettualmente una doppia Kontakt-5, poichè si tratta in sostanza di un modulo composto da 2 piastre molto spesse (mentre Kontakt-5 era una spessa frontale e una finissima di supporto dietro), dunque dentro un pacchetto si trovano diversi moduli Relikt nella configurazione appena indicata, l'inovazione consiste nel movimento a forbice delle due piastre pesanti, che si muovono in direzioni opposte mentre il dardo lo penetra spezzandolo in più parti, non è più semplicemente una piastra sparata obliquamente verso il dardo, perché aggiunge una seconda piastra sparata all'indietro, spaccandolo, inoltre tutti gli altri moduli nel pacchetto esplodono sommando gli effetti sul penetratore, devastandolo anche se si tratta di un ATGM Tandem o di APFSDS a punte sacrificabili (essendo vulnerabile a dardi con punte d'innesco lunghe).
La protezione della torretta è di circa 800-850m contro APFSDS e 1100-1300 contro HEAT un aumento rispetto a circa i 720 e 1100-1200mm del vecchio modello.
Il pacchetto pesa ben 3 tonnellate.
Di fronte all'aumento di peso (46,5 tonnellate) il carro monta un nuovo motore da 1130cv che porta il rapporto a 24,3 cv\ton, contro i vecchi 18cv\ton questo motore permette al nuovo T-72 di compiere forti accelerazioni e superare gli ostacoli più ostici, inoltre viene finalmente montato un raffreddatore dei gas di scarico che riduce la firma termica rendendo più difficile il carro da agganciare, monta finalmente un cambio automatizzato installando un attuatore idraulico automatizzato che sostituisce la forza del pilota ma non cambia le trasmissioni, così da rivoluzionare la propulsione del carro senza cambiare il powerpack.
Il carro finalmente monta un mirino termico indipendente per il comandante, il PAK PAN, permettendo al comandante di cercare i bersagli da solo senza lasciare questo compito esclusivamente all'artigliere, dando la possibilità al comandante di inviare i bersagli all'artigliere mentre lui sta già ingaggiando un altro (capacità hunter killer).
guys, i'm starting a series about Mirage III i hope you will like it
❤2
Compass Call
Mirage III PART 1 Cyrano I Bis radar in photo.
I will try not to dwell too much on the history of the Mirage III's pre-production variants, but it is important to place the aircraft in its historical context.
The aircraft was developed in response to the French requirement for a lightweight interceptor following the end of the Korean War, which had been the first conflict in which jet aircraft played a dominant role.
The MD-550 was the first aircraft to meet this set of requirements (affordability, light weight, and high speed). It was a small twin-engine delta-wing jet that first flew in 1955. During that year it was modified, and the resulting variants became the Mirage I and Mirage II. This initial aircraft served as a flying laboratory for the delta-wing concept.
It was in November 1956 that the first Mirage III "001" flew. This prototype featured adjustable air intakes equipped with devices known as "Souris" ("mice"). These were the semi-conical bodies located inside the two side-mounted air intakes. They served a very specific function: at certain speeds they would slide forward along guide rails, generating a shockwave that slowed the supersonic airflow entering the engine. This was necessary because earlier fixed-geometry intakes posed a serious risk to flight safety, as the engine could not structurally handle such high-velocity airflow and was therefore prone to compressor stalls. This innovation revolutionized the aircraft's capabilities, allowing it to increase its maximum speed from Mach 1.8 to Mach 2.2 with the Mirage IIIA (from approximately 2,200 km/h to 2,700 km/h), making it the first European aircraft to exceed Mach 2 in 1958 and placing it on par, in terms of speed, with the more famous F-104 and MiG-21.
Following the Mirage 001, ten Mirage IIIA pre-production aircraft were built for flight testing and experimental purposes. Unlike the 001 prototype, these aircraft were finally equipped with radar.
The Mirage IIIC was the first operational variant of the aircraft (excluding the two-seat Mirage IIIB used for pilot conversion training). It was therefore a single-seat, single-engine fighter equipped with an afterburner and radar.
The aircraft was fitted with the Cyrano I Bis radar, which is the system we will focus on today. This was the first radar produced in large numbers by France (223 units) for a supersonic aircraft. It consisted of a steerable 36 cm diameter antenna housed within the aircraft's nose and generated approximately 300 kW of peak power. In short, it was a radar with a very small antenna, which therefore required extremely high transmitting power in order to generate a detectable radar return on the display.
The radar could detect a target at roughly 30 km. For comparison, at the time the MiG-21 could not independently detect targets beyond approximately 12 km, which is why Soviet doctrine relied heavily on guidance from ground-based air defense controllers. American aircraft such as the F-4 Phantom, on the other hand, carried much larger radar antennas capable of detecting targets at ranges of 60 to 80 km. Furthermore, the Mirage IIIC lacked the ability to detect and engage aircraft flying below it, because its radar could not distinguish a target's radar signature from ground clutter. At the time, however, no fighter radar could reliably perform this task.
To better understand the situation, imagine that the radar antenna transmitting the pulse is so small that the reflected radar echo is inherently difficult to receive. Because of the radar's physical design, the receiver struggled to pick up weak returns. French engineers therefore decided that the transmitter would have to be extraordinarily powerful, around 300 kW, so that even such a small antenna could still receive a sufficiently strong return signal.
The aircraft was developed in response to the French requirement for a lightweight interceptor following the end of the Korean War, which had been the first conflict in which jet aircraft played a dominant role.
The MD-550 was the first aircraft to meet this set of requirements (affordability, light weight, and high speed). It was a small twin-engine delta-wing jet that first flew in 1955. During that year it was modified, and the resulting variants became the Mirage I and Mirage II. This initial aircraft served as a flying laboratory for the delta-wing concept.
It was in November 1956 that the first Mirage III "001" flew. This prototype featured adjustable air intakes equipped with devices known as "Souris" ("mice"). These were the semi-conical bodies located inside the two side-mounted air intakes. They served a very specific function: at certain speeds they would slide forward along guide rails, generating a shockwave that slowed the supersonic airflow entering the engine. This was necessary because earlier fixed-geometry intakes posed a serious risk to flight safety, as the engine could not structurally handle such high-velocity airflow and was therefore prone to compressor stalls. This innovation revolutionized the aircraft's capabilities, allowing it to increase its maximum speed from Mach 1.8 to Mach 2.2 with the Mirage IIIA (from approximately 2,200 km/h to 2,700 km/h), making it the first European aircraft to exceed Mach 2 in 1958 and placing it on par, in terms of speed, with the more famous F-104 and MiG-21.
Following the Mirage 001, ten Mirage IIIA pre-production aircraft were built for flight testing and experimental purposes. Unlike the 001 prototype, these aircraft were finally equipped with radar.
The Mirage IIIC was the first operational variant of the aircraft (excluding the two-seat Mirage IIIB used for pilot conversion training). It was therefore a single-seat, single-engine fighter equipped with an afterburner and radar.
The aircraft was fitted with the Cyrano I Bis radar, which is the system we will focus on today. This was the first radar produced in large numbers by France (223 units) for a supersonic aircraft. It consisted of a steerable 36 cm diameter antenna housed within the aircraft's nose and generated approximately 300 kW of peak power. In short, it was a radar with a very small antenna, which therefore required extremely high transmitting power in order to generate a detectable radar return on the display.
The radar could detect a target at roughly 30 km. For comparison, at the time the MiG-21 could not independently detect targets beyond approximately 12 km, which is why Soviet doctrine relied heavily on guidance from ground-based air defense controllers. American aircraft such as the F-4 Phantom, on the other hand, carried much larger radar antennas capable of detecting targets at ranges of 60 to 80 km. Furthermore, the Mirage IIIC lacked the ability to detect and engage aircraft flying below it, because its radar could not distinguish a target's radar signature from ground clutter. At the time, however, no fighter radar could reliably perform this task.
To better understand the situation, imagine that the radar antenna transmitting the pulse is so small that the reflected radar echo is inherently difficult to receive. Because of the radar's physical design, the receiver struggled to pick up weak returns. French engineers therefore decided that the transmitter would have to be extraordinarily powerful, around 300 kW, so that even such a small antenna could still receive a sufficiently strong return signal.
Compass Call
Mirage III PART 1 Cyrano I Bis radar in photo.
A radar with this level of power was extremely difficult to jam effectively, because an enemy jammer would have to exceed its output power in order to mask the reflected echo, a challenging task in the case of the Cyrano I Bis. This made the Mirage IIIC an excellent high-altitude interceptor. Its main drawback was that such a powerful radar was prone to very frequent electrical failures.
Compass Call
Mirage III PART 1 Cyrano I Bis radar in photo.
🇮🇹
Cercherò di non soffermarmi molto sulla storia delle varianti pre-produzione del Mirage III, ma è bene contestualizzarlo nel suo periodo storico.
L'aereo nasce in risposta alla necessità Francese di un intercettore leggero in seguito alla fine della Guerra di Corea che fu il primo conflitto dove i jet furono assoluti protagonisti.
L'MD-550 fu il primo velivolo a rispondere a questo insieme di requisiti (economicità, leggerezza, rapidità) si trattava di un piccolo jet con ala a delta e configurazione bimotore che decollò la prima volta nel 1955, nel corso dell'anno fu modificato e le due varianti divennero il Mirage I e il Mirage II, questo primo aereo fu il laboratorio volante per l'ala a delta.
Fu nel Novembre del 1956 che volò il primo Mirage III "001", un prototipo con delle prese d'aria regolabili chiamate Souris, sono quei semiconi all'interno delle due prese d'aria sui fianchi dell'aereo, questi semiconi avevano una funzione precisa, a determinate velocità sarebbero scivolati in avanti lungo delle guide per generare un'onda d'urto che avrebbe rallentato l'aria supersonica in entrata nel motore, questo perché le vecchie prese d'aria non regolabili mettevano a rischio la sicurezza dell'aereo poiché il motore non poteva strutturalmente gestire flussi d'aria così veloci, rischiando continuamente di stallare, questa invenzione rivoluzionò le capacità dell'aereo, che passò da una velocità massima di Mach 1.8 a Mach 2.2 con il Mirage IIIA ( ovvero da 2200km/h a 2700km/h), diventando il primo aereo Europeo a superare la soglia Mach 2 nel 1958, e allineandosi in termini di velocità con i più famosi F-104 e MiG-21.
Dunque dopo il Mirage 001, furono prodotti 10 Mirage IIIA di preserie per prove di volo e banchi sperimentali, rispetto al prototipo 001 questi erano finalmente dotati di radar.
Il Mirage IIIC fu la prima variante operativa dell'aereo (esclusa la variante B biposto per la conversione dei piloti al nuovo jet), si trattava quindi di un monoposto, monomotore con postbruciatore e radar.
L'aereo era equipaggiato con il radar Cyrano I Bis, ed è su questo che ci soffermeremo oggi, questo fu il primo radar prodotto in massa (223 esemplari) dalla Francia per un aereo supersonico, era un'antenna di 36cm di diametro orientabile all'interno del muso dell'aereo e circa 300KW di potenza massima, insomma un radar con un'antenna molto piccola che aveva bisogno quindi di una potenza estremamente alta per avere un ritorno radar sul quadrante, poteva rilevare un bersaglio a circa 30km, per fare dei paragoni all'epoca il MiG-21 non rilevava autonomamente un bersaglio oltre i 12km (infatti la dottrina Sovietica prevedeva la guida attraverso i controllori della difesa aerea) ma gli aerei Americani come il Phantom avevano antenne enormi per rilevare anche a 60-80km, in più il Mirage IIIC non aveva la capacità di rilevare ed ingaggiare un aereo sotto di se poiché il radar non distingueva la sagoma del bersaglio da quella del terreno, ma all'epoca nessuno poteva farlo.
Insomma immaginate questa situazione, l'antenna che trasmette l'impulso radar è così piccola che il ritorno dell'eco radar difficilmente viene rilevato, proprio a causa della struttura del radar, che non riceve facilmente il ritorno perché è piccolo, così gli ingegneri Francesi hanno deciso che il trasmettitore dovesse essere talmente potente (300kw) che persino un'antenna così piccola avrebbe poi ricevuto adeguatamente l'eco del radar.
Un radar così potente era estremamente difficile da ingannare perché un jammer avrebbe dovuto superarlo in potenza per oscurare il ritorno dell'eco, un'impresa ardua nel caso del Cyrano I Bis, rendendo il Mirage IIIC un ottimo cacciatore d'alta quota, il difetto principale era che un radar così potente era soggetto a frequentissimi guasti elettrici.
Videos showing Mirage IIIC downing Mig-17 (top) and Egyptian MiG-21s, on the bottom right there is a photo showing downed IAF Mirage.
❤1
Compass Call
Videos showing Mirage IIIC downing Mig-17 (top) and Egyptian MiG-21s, on the bottom right there is a photo showing downed IAF Mirage.
The main combat variants are the IIIC (single-seat) and IIIE (single-seat) variants, as well as the IIIR reconnaissance variant—50 units of which were delivered to the French Air Force—which featured 5 cameras mounted on the nose instead of the radar.
Let's begin with the IIIC variant. This version was operated by France (95 units) and Israel (72 units), among many other countries. However, it saw its primary operational service with Israel. Having already discussed its radar, let us now look at its armament.
Statistically, the Mirage IIIC achieved the vast majority of its kills using its two built-in 30mm DEFA cannons. This was not unusual for the time: contemporary radars were highly unreliable for missile guidance, forcing pilots to rely almost exclusively on cannons or infrared missiles. This brings us to the introduction of the Magic missile, the most famous Western short-range missile alongside the American Sidewinder.
Both belonged to the same category, featuring a weight of 89 kg, heat-seeking guidance, and a range of approximately 10 km for the variant used during those years, paired with a modest 12 kg warhead.
What made the Mirage-Magic combination so lethal was the missile's high maneuverability. It featured an extra pair of movable fins behind the forward fins, which enabled 35G maneuvers even back then. Combined with a highly sensitive heat seeker that made target acquisition easier, it was effective, though not yet revolutionary—it still could not lock onto an aircraft from any angle other than the engine exhaust.
I will not dwell on the option of using medium-range missiles, as their unreliability rendered them completely useless.
Suffice it to say, the standard configuration consisted of: 1 medium-range missile on the centerline centerline station, 2 external drop tanks, 2 Magic 1 (or Sidewinder) missiles under the wings, and naturally, the twin 30mm cannons.
During the Six-Day War, 12 Israeli Mirage IIICs (Shahak) downed an impressive 48 aircraft of the Arab coalition—all scored with cannons, since the Magic did not yet exist. In the Yom Kippur War, the Mirage IIIC in Israeli service shot down 106 Arab aircraft and served as the mount for top ace Giora Epstein (17 kills). Rather than expanding further on a relatively straightforward aircraft, I will post some dogfight footage.
To conclude, here is some quick data regarding the engines used by the aircraft to help understand the logic behind choosing such a lightweight interceptor for the Air Force.
The Mirage IIIC and IIIE utilized the Atar 9B and 9C engine family. It is enough to know that these were simple turbojet engines designed to keep weight and fuel consumption in check, while delivering very high speed and ease of maintenance. They produced around 42 kN of thrust, which increased to 60 kN with the afterburner—though injecting fuel directly into the exhaust resulted in extremely high fuel consumption.
In terms of dimensions, the Mirage III was roughly 15 meters long with a wingspan of 8.22 meters, featuring an elongated and tapered aerodynamic design.
The IIIC variant had an empty weight of about 6 tons and a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 11.5 tons. The IIIE variant was heavier, with corresponding values of 7 tons and 13.4 tons respectively.
Let's begin with the IIIC variant. This version was operated by France (95 units) and Israel (72 units), among many other countries. However, it saw its primary operational service with Israel. Having already discussed its radar, let us now look at its armament.
Statistically, the Mirage IIIC achieved the vast majority of its kills using its two built-in 30mm DEFA cannons. This was not unusual for the time: contemporary radars were highly unreliable for missile guidance, forcing pilots to rely almost exclusively on cannons or infrared missiles. This brings us to the introduction of the Magic missile, the most famous Western short-range missile alongside the American Sidewinder.
Both belonged to the same category, featuring a weight of 89 kg, heat-seeking guidance, and a range of approximately 10 km for the variant used during those years, paired with a modest 12 kg warhead.
What made the Mirage-Magic combination so lethal was the missile's high maneuverability. It featured an extra pair of movable fins behind the forward fins, which enabled 35G maneuvers even back then. Combined with a highly sensitive heat seeker that made target acquisition easier, it was effective, though not yet revolutionary—it still could not lock onto an aircraft from any angle other than the engine exhaust.
I will not dwell on the option of using medium-range missiles, as their unreliability rendered them completely useless.
Suffice it to say, the standard configuration consisted of: 1 medium-range missile on the centerline centerline station, 2 external drop tanks, 2 Magic 1 (or Sidewinder) missiles under the wings, and naturally, the twin 30mm cannons.
During the Six-Day War, 12 Israeli Mirage IIICs (Shahak) downed an impressive 48 aircraft of the Arab coalition—all scored with cannons, since the Magic did not yet exist. In the Yom Kippur War, the Mirage IIIC in Israeli service shot down 106 Arab aircraft and served as the mount for top ace Giora Epstein (17 kills). Rather than expanding further on a relatively straightforward aircraft, I will post some dogfight footage.
To conclude, here is some quick data regarding the engines used by the aircraft to help understand the logic behind choosing such a lightweight interceptor for the Air Force.
The Mirage IIIC and IIIE utilized the Atar 9B and 9C engine family. It is enough to know that these were simple turbojet engines designed to keep weight and fuel consumption in check, while delivering very high speed and ease of maintenance. They produced around 42 kN of thrust, which increased to 60 kN with the afterburner—though injecting fuel directly into the exhaust resulted in extremely high fuel consumption.
In terms of dimensions, the Mirage III was roughly 15 meters long with a wingspan of 8.22 meters, featuring an elongated and tapered aerodynamic design.
The IIIC variant had an empty weight of about 6 tons and a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 11.5 tons. The IIIE variant was heavier, with corresponding values of 7 tons and 13.4 tons respectively.
❤1
Compass Call
Videos showing Mirage IIIC downing Mig-17 (top) and Egyptian MiG-21s, on the bottom right there is a photo showing downed IAF Mirage.
🇮🇹
Le principali varianti da combattimento sono la variante IIIC (monoposto) e IIIE (monoposto) e anche la variante IIIR consegnata in 50 esemplari all'Aeronautica Francese che aveva 5 telecamere disposte sul muso al posto del radar.
Iniziamo con la variante IIIC, questa fu operata in 95 esemplari dalla Francia e 72 da Israele oltre a molti altri paesi, ma diciamo che vide il servizio operativo principalmente con Israele, abbiamo già parlato del suo radar, vediamo quindi gli armamenti.
Il Mirage IIIC statisticamente ha effettuato la stragrande maggioranza dei suoi abbattimenti con i 2 cannoni da 30mm DEFA di cui è armato e fin qui nulla di particolare, all'epoca i radar erano altamente inaffidabili per la guida di missili, e si ricorreva quasi sempre ai cannoni o a missili a infrarossi, ed è ora che introdurremo il missile Magic, ovvero il più celebre missile a corto raggio Occidentale dopo il Sidewinder Americano.
Questi appartengono alla stessa categoria, peso di 89kg, guida a ricerca di calore e gittata di circa 10km per la variante di quegli anni, la testata era da soli 12kg, ciò che rese l'abbinamento Mirage-Magic così fatale fu l'alta manovrabilità del missile che aveva un paio di alette aggiuntive mobili dietro le alette frontali, che gli consentivano già all'epoca manovre a 35G e un cercatore di calore molto sensibile, che rendeva più semplice agganciare il bersaglio, ad ogni modo niente di rivoluzionario, non era comunque capace di agganciare un'aereo se non sui motori.
Non mi soffermerò sulla possibilità di utilizzare missili a medio raggio perché furono totalmente inutili vista la loro inaffidabilità, basti pensare insomma che la configurazione classica era: 1 Missile a medio raggio sul centro, 2 serbatoi esterni, 2 Magic 1 (o Sidewinder) sulle ali, e ovviamente la coppia di cannoni da 30mm.
Nella guerra dei sei giorni 12 Mirage IIIC (Shahak) Israeliani abbatterono ben 48 aerei della coalizione Araba, tutti con cannoni visto che non esisteva il Magic all'epoca, nella Guerra dello Yom Kippur il Mirage IIIC in servizio Israeliano abbatté 106 velivoli arabi e fu il cavallo di battaglia dell'asso Giora Epstein (17 abbattimenti), piuttosto che dilungarmi ulteriormente su un'aereo relativamente semplice posterò alcuni filmati del dogfight, per chiudere ecco alcune veloci informazioni sui motori utilizzati dall'aereo per comprendere la logica dietro la scelta di un'intercettore così leggero per l'Aeronautica.
Il Mirage IIIC e IIIE utilizzava la famiglia di motori Atar 9B e 9C, basti sapere che si trattava di semplici motori a turbogetto progettati per mantenere peso e consumi sotto controllo a fronte di un'elevatissima velocità e di una facilità di manutenzione, circa 42kN di potenza che arrivavano a 60kN con l'uso del postbruciatore che iniettando direttamente carburante nello scarico aveva consumi elevatissimi.
Parlando di dimensioni il Mirage III risultava esser lungo circa 15 metri con un'apertura alare di 8,22 metri, per cui un design aerodinamico allungato e rastremato, la variante IIIC aveva un peso a vuoto di circa 6 tonnellate e un peso massimo al decollo di 11,5.
La variante IIIE era più pesanti con i rispettivi valori di 7 ton e 13,4 ton.
❤1
We are looking for a new admin, possibly one who has other channels