Indonesia has decided to change its capital from Jakarta to Nusantara.
It was selected as it reflects Indonesia's geography and it is iconic internationally.
Jakarta will remain Indonesia commercial and financial centre.
It has been changed as it is believed that Jakarta will sink in 30 year i.e. by 2050.
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It was selected as it reflects Indonesia's geography and it is iconic internationally.
Jakarta will remain Indonesia commercial and financial centre.
It has been changed as it is believed that Jakarta will sink in 30 year i.e. by 2050.
@officialdefenceguide
@officialdefenceguide
Forwarded from ExamGround
Saraswati River
The Saraswati is a major Rig Vedic river mentioned in the Rig Veda and other Vedic texts. It is part of the Sapta Sindhu rivers mentioned in the Rig Veda. The other rivers are Sindhu (Indus), Sutudri (Satluj), Vitasta (Jhelum), Vipasa (Beas), Askini (Chenab) and Parushni (Ravi).
The texts describe the Saraswati as a mighty and powerful river.
The Rig Veda says the Saraswati flows between the Satluj in the west and the Yamuna in the east, and as flowing into the samudra.
Later Vedic texts and also the Mahabharata mention that the river dried up in a desert.
Many modern scholars have identified the Saraswati of Rigvedic times with the Ghaggar-Hakra river system in northwestern India and eastern Pakistan.
According to experts, the Saraswati originated from the Har-ki-Dun glacier in Garhwal in Uttarakhand.
It is believed that the river was 1500 km long, 5 m deep and 3 โ 15 km wide.
The Saraswati flowed between 6000 and 4000 BCE after which it dried up due to tectonic shifts of the earth.
# Ghaggar-Hakra River System
The Ghaggar-Hakra river system is a seasonal river that flows through northwestern India and Pakistan. It is a rain-fed river and flows only during the monsoon season. But, satellite images from ISRO and ONGC have confirmed that the major course of a river ran through the present-day Ghaggar River. The Ghaggar river originates from the Siwalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh (about 6300 feet above sea level), and flows through Punjab, Haryana and then into Rajasthan. The river is known as Ghaggar before the Ottu barrage and as the Hakra downstream of the barrage.
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The Saraswati is a major Rig Vedic river mentioned in the Rig Veda and other Vedic texts. It is part of the Sapta Sindhu rivers mentioned in the Rig Veda. The other rivers are Sindhu (Indus), Sutudri (Satluj), Vitasta (Jhelum), Vipasa (Beas), Askini (Chenab) and Parushni (Ravi).
The texts describe the Saraswati as a mighty and powerful river.
The Rig Veda says the Saraswati flows between the Satluj in the west and the Yamuna in the east, and as flowing into the samudra.
Later Vedic texts and also the Mahabharata mention that the river dried up in a desert.
Many modern scholars have identified the Saraswati of Rigvedic times with the Ghaggar-Hakra river system in northwestern India and eastern Pakistan.
According to experts, the Saraswati originated from the Har-ki-Dun glacier in Garhwal in Uttarakhand.
It is believed that the river was 1500 km long, 5 m deep and 3 โ 15 km wide.
The Saraswati flowed between 6000 and 4000 BCE after which it dried up due to tectonic shifts of the earth.
# Ghaggar-Hakra River System
The Ghaggar-Hakra river system is a seasonal river that flows through northwestern India and Pakistan. It is a rain-fed river and flows only during the monsoon season. But, satellite images from ISRO and ONGC have confirmed that the major course of a river ran through the present-day Ghaggar River. The Ghaggar river originates from the Siwalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh (about 6300 feet above sea level), and flows through Punjab, Haryana and then into Rajasthan. The river is known as Ghaggar before the Ottu barrage and as the Hakra downstream of the barrage.
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Forwarded from IMAWITHLOVE (Aman Agarwal)
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Parakram Diwas: Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Jayanti
The central government had decided to observe Subhas Chandra Bose Jayanti as 'Parakram Diwas' to be celebrated on 23rd January.
the Government of India has also instituted Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskaar to recognise the excellent work done by the individuals and institutions in the field of disaster management.
# About
Subhas Chandra Bose was born on 23rd January 1897, in Cuttack, Orissa Division, Bengal Province, to Prabhavati Dutt Bose and Janakinath Bose.
In 1919, he had cleared Indian Civil Services (ICS) examination. Bose, however, resigned later.
He was highly influenced by Vivekananda's teachings and considered him as his spiritual Guru.
His political mentor was Chittaranjan Das.
# Association with Congress
He stood for unqualified swaraj (independence), and opposed Motilal Nehru Report which spoke for dominion status for India.
He actively participated in the Salt Satyagraha of 1930 and vehemently opposed the suspension of Civil Disobedience Movement and signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931.
In the 1930s, he was closely associated with left politics in Congress along with Jawaharlal Nehru and M.N. Roy.
Bose won the congress presidential elections at Haripura in 1938.
Again in 1939 at Tripuri, he won the presidential elections against Gandhi's candidate Pattabhi Sitarammayya. Due to ideological differences with Gandhi, Bose resigned and left congress. Rajendra Prasad was appointed in his place.
He found a new party, 'the Forward Bloc'. The purpose was to consolidate the political left and major support base in his home state Bengal.
# Indian National Army
He reached Japanese-controlled Singapore from Germany in July 1943, issued from there his famous call, โDelhi Chaloโ, and announced the formation of the Azad Hind Government and the Indian National Army on 21st October 1943.
The INA was first formed under Mohan Singh and Japanese Major Iwaichi Fujiwara and comprised Indian prisoners of war of the British-Indian Army captured by Japan in the Malayan (present-day Malaysia) campaign and at Singapore.
The INA included both, the Indian prisoners of war from Singapore and Indian civilians in South-East Asia. It's strength grew to 50,000.
The INA fought allied forces in 1944 inside the borders of India in Imphal and in Burma.
In November 1945, a British move to put the INA men on trial immediately sparked massive demonstration all over the country.
The central government had decided to observe Subhas Chandra Bose Jayanti as 'Parakram Diwas' to be celebrated on 23rd January.
the Government of India has also instituted Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskaar to recognise the excellent work done by the individuals and institutions in the field of disaster management.
# About
Subhas Chandra Bose was born on 23rd January 1897, in Cuttack, Orissa Division, Bengal Province, to Prabhavati Dutt Bose and Janakinath Bose.
In 1919, he had cleared Indian Civil Services (ICS) examination. Bose, however, resigned later.
He was highly influenced by Vivekananda's teachings and considered him as his spiritual Guru.
His political mentor was Chittaranjan Das.
# Association with Congress
He stood for unqualified swaraj (independence), and opposed Motilal Nehru Report which spoke for dominion status for India.
He actively participated in the Salt Satyagraha of 1930 and vehemently opposed the suspension of Civil Disobedience Movement and signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931.
In the 1930s, he was closely associated with left politics in Congress along with Jawaharlal Nehru and M.N. Roy.
Bose won the congress presidential elections at Haripura in 1938.
Again in 1939 at Tripuri, he won the presidential elections against Gandhi's candidate Pattabhi Sitarammayya. Due to ideological differences with Gandhi, Bose resigned and left congress. Rajendra Prasad was appointed in his place.
He found a new party, 'the Forward Bloc'. The purpose was to consolidate the political left and major support base in his home state Bengal.
# Indian National Army
He reached Japanese-controlled Singapore from Germany in July 1943, issued from there his famous call, โDelhi Chaloโ, and announced the formation of the Azad Hind Government and the Indian National Army on 21st October 1943.
The INA was first formed under Mohan Singh and Japanese Major Iwaichi Fujiwara and comprised Indian prisoners of war of the British-Indian Army captured by Japan in the Malayan (present-day Malaysia) campaign and at Singapore.
The INA included both, the Indian prisoners of war from Singapore and Indian civilians in South-East Asia. It's strength grew to 50,000.
The INA fought allied forces in 1944 inside the borders of India in Imphal and in Burma.
In November 1945, a British move to put the INA men on trial immediately sparked massive demonstration all over the country.
Forwarded from ExamGround
Reservation in India
The purpose of reservation in India
The two main aims to provide reservation as per the Consitution of India are:
Advancement of Scheduled Castes (SC) and the Scheduled Tribes (ST) OR any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens (Eg: OBC) OR economically weaker sections (EWS) โ Article 15 (4), Article 15 (5), and Article 15 (6),
Adequate representation of any backward class of citizens OR economically weaker sections (EWS) in the services under the State. โ Article 16 (4) and Article 16 (6).
# SC/ST Reservation
The objective of providing reservations to the Scheduled Castes(SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) in services is not only to give jobs to some persons belonging to these communities. It basically aims at empowering them and ensuring their participation in the decision-making process of the State.
Besides, the state is also keen to end practices such as untouchability.
Scheduled Castes (SC) are given 15% quota in jobs/higher educational institutions while Schedule Tribes (ST) are given 7.5% quota in jobs/higher educational institutions.
Reservation is provided not only with respect to direct recruitment but also with respect to promotions for SC/ST category (Article 16(4A)).
There is no concept of โcreamy layerโ with respect to SC/ST reservation. This means that irrespective of the income status or the government posts held by the parents, children of SC/ST parents will get SC/ST Reservation.
# OBC Reservation
Reservation for Other Backwards Classes (OBC) was introduced based on the Mandal Commission Report (1991). The quota for OBCs is 27% in government jobs and higher educational institutions.
However, there is a concept of โcreamy layerโ with respect to the OBC reservation. Only those from OBC who comes under Non-Creamy Layer would get OBC reservation.
The creamy layer concept brings income and social status as parameters to exclude some of the privileged members of OBC from the extent of reservation. This concept also keeps a check to ensure that the benefits of reservation do not get extended to subsequent generations.
# EWS Reservation
The Central Government of India had introduced EWS Reservation. 10% quota is provided for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) among General Category candidates in government jobs and educational institutions. This is done by adding clauses for the same in the Indian Constitution (103rd Constitution Amendment Act, 2019).
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@examground
www.examground.in
The purpose of reservation in India
The two main aims to provide reservation as per the Consitution of India are:
Advancement of Scheduled Castes (SC) and the Scheduled Tribes (ST) OR any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens (Eg: OBC) OR economically weaker sections (EWS) โ Article 15 (4), Article 15 (5), and Article 15 (6),
Adequate representation of any backward class of citizens OR economically weaker sections (EWS) in the services under the State. โ Article 16 (4) and Article 16 (6).
# SC/ST Reservation
The objective of providing reservations to the Scheduled Castes(SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) in services is not only to give jobs to some persons belonging to these communities. It basically aims at empowering them and ensuring their participation in the decision-making process of the State.
Besides, the state is also keen to end practices such as untouchability.
Scheduled Castes (SC) are given 15% quota in jobs/higher educational institutions while Schedule Tribes (ST) are given 7.5% quota in jobs/higher educational institutions.
Reservation is provided not only with respect to direct recruitment but also with respect to promotions for SC/ST category (Article 16(4A)).
There is no concept of โcreamy layerโ with respect to SC/ST reservation. This means that irrespective of the income status or the government posts held by the parents, children of SC/ST parents will get SC/ST Reservation.
# OBC Reservation
Reservation for Other Backwards Classes (OBC) was introduced based on the Mandal Commission Report (1991). The quota for OBCs is 27% in government jobs and higher educational institutions.
However, there is a concept of โcreamy layerโ with respect to the OBC reservation. Only those from OBC who comes under Non-Creamy Layer would get OBC reservation.
The creamy layer concept brings income and social status as parameters to exclude some of the privileged members of OBC from the extent of reservation. This concept also keeps a check to ensure that the benefits of reservation do not get extended to subsequent generations.
# EWS Reservation
The Central Government of India had introduced EWS Reservation. 10% quota is provided for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) among General Category candidates in government jobs and educational institutions. This is done by adding clauses for the same in the Indian Constitution (103rd Constitution Amendment Act, 2019).
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www.examground.in
Forwarded from ExamGround
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FF-CDS-I-22-270122-engl.pdf
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CDS REJECTED CANDIDATE LIST DUE TO PAYMENT
FF-NDA-I-2022-engl-270122.pdf
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NDA& NA Exam. (I), 2022- Applications rejected due to non-
payment of Examination Fee- reg.
payment of Examination Fee- reg.
Forwarded from ExamGround
South China Sea is an arm of western Pacific Ocean in Southeast Asia.
It is connected by Taiwan Strait with the East China Sea and by Luzon Strait with the Philippine Sea.
Bordering states & territories (clockwise from north): the Peopleโs Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore and Vietnam.
Strategic Importance: This sea holds tremendous strategic importance for its location as it is the connecting link between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean (Strait of Malacca).
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It is connected by Taiwan Strait with the East China Sea and by Luzon Strait with the Philippine Sea.
Bordering states & territories (clockwise from north): the Peopleโs Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore and Vietnam.
Strategic Importance: This sea holds tremendous strategic importance for its location as it is the connecting link between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean (Strait of Malacca).
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Our Application๐
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Forwarded from ExamGround
Sessions of Parliament:
* The summoning of Parliament is specified in Article 85 of the Constitution.
* The power to convene a session of Parliament rests with the Government. The decision is taken by the Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs which is formalised by the President, in whose name MPs are summoned to meet for a session.
* India does not have a fixed parliamentary calendar. By convention (i.e. not provided by the Constitution), Parliament meets for three sessions in a year.
* The longest, Budget Session (1st session), starts towards the end of January, and concludes by the end of April or first week of May. The session has a recess so that Parliamentary Committees can discuss the budgetary proposals.
* The second session is the three-week Monsoon Session, which usually begins in July and finishes in August.
* Winter Session (3rd session), is held from November to December.
# Summoning of Parliament:
* Summoning is the process of calling all members of the Parliament to meet. The President summons each House of the Parliament from time to time. The gap between two sessions of the Parliament cannot exceed 6 months, which means the Parliament meets at least two times in one year.
# Adjournment:
Adjournment terminates the sitting of the House which meets again at the time appointed for the next sitting. The postponement may be for a specified time such as hours, days or weeks. If the meeting is terminated without any definite time/ date fixed for the next meeting, it is called Adjournment sine die.
# Prorogation:
Prorogation is the end of a session. A prorogation puts an end to a session. The time between the Prorogation and reassembly is called Recess. Prorogation is the end of session and not the dissolution of the house (in case of Lok Sabha, as Rajya Sabha does not dissolve).
# Quorum:
Quorum refers to the minimum number of the members required to be present for conducting a meeting of the house. The Constitution has fixed one-tenth strength as quorum for both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Thus, to conduct a sitting of Lok Sabha, there should be at least 55 members present while to conduct a sitting of Rajya Sabha, there should be at least 25 members present.
* The summoning of Parliament is specified in Article 85 of the Constitution.
* The power to convene a session of Parliament rests with the Government. The decision is taken by the Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs which is formalised by the President, in whose name MPs are summoned to meet for a session.
* India does not have a fixed parliamentary calendar. By convention (i.e. not provided by the Constitution), Parliament meets for three sessions in a year.
* The longest, Budget Session (1st session), starts towards the end of January, and concludes by the end of April or first week of May. The session has a recess so that Parliamentary Committees can discuss the budgetary proposals.
* The second session is the three-week Monsoon Session, which usually begins in July and finishes in August.
* Winter Session (3rd session), is held from November to December.
# Summoning of Parliament:
* Summoning is the process of calling all members of the Parliament to meet. The President summons each House of the Parliament from time to time. The gap between two sessions of the Parliament cannot exceed 6 months, which means the Parliament meets at least two times in one year.
# Adjournment:
Adjournment terminates the sitting of the House which meets again at the time appointed for the next sitting. The postponement may be for a specified time such as hours, days or weeks. If the meeting is terminated without any definite time/ date fixed for the next meeting, it is called Adjournment sine die.
# Prorogation:
Prorogation is the end of a session. A prorogation puts an end to a session. The time between the Prorogation and reassembly is called Recess. Prorogation is the end of session and not the dissolution of the house (in case of Lok Sabha, as Rajya Sabha does not dissolve).
# Quorum:
Quorum refers to the minimum number of the members required to be present for conducting a meeting of the house. The Constitution has fixed one-tenth strength as quorum for both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Thus, to conduct a sitting of Lok Sabha, there should be at least 55 members present while to conduct a sitting of Rajya Sabha, there should be at least 25 members present.
Forwarded from Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India
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๐ขVarious announcements made under the Union Budget 2022, aimed at strengthening the spirit of Atma Nirbhar Bharat.
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All about winter Olympics important for
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