https://decodingworldaffairs.com/israel-palestine-conflict-the-roots-of-jews-muslims-clashes/

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Let's look into challenges facing by UN court i.e., ICJ (International Court of Justice)

Context: The International Court of Justice (ICJ), the UN’s highest judicial body, is once again in news after it held hearings over the last two days in a case instituted by South Africa, accusing Israel of committing genocide in Gaza.

Let's look into the core challenges ICJ face

[1] Impartiality in question: ICJ judges ought to be impartial and cannot act as extensions of their countries. However, in the past, judges have often voted in line with the politics of their respective nations. For instance, in 2022, when the court ordered Russia to immediately halt its military operations in Ukraine, judges from Russia and China were the only ones who voted against the decision.

[2] No enforcement powers: The UN Charter authorises the UNSC to enforce the court’s decisions — however, its compliance is often at the mercy of the power politics of the permanent members of the Security Council. The enforcement of any adverse ruling against Israel is likely to be vetoed by its strongest ally, the U.S.

[3] Non-participation of powerful members: Another challenge to the court’s efficacy is the non-participation of powerful member states in its proceedings. In the proceedings instituted by Ukraine against Russia in 2022, the latter refused to advance submissions “in light of the apparent absurdity of the lawsuit”.

[4] Excessive delay: The ICJ’s slow and bureaucratic procedure resulting in rulings taking years to be pronounced has also been a subject of criticism.For e.g. A 2019 case instituted by Gambia against Myanmar for its military crackdown on Rohingya refugees is still in trial. The court took nearly two and a half years to deliver its judgment on preliminary objections since Gambia’s initial plea, requesting provisional measures.

[5] Potential fragmentation of international law: Today, the court exists alongside the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the International Criminal Court, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, and panels established under the WTO.

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What should India do? Let's look into it...

⏹ Why did India map troops in Maldieves?

[1] Quick disposal of troops: Firstly, Sea land of communication near Maldieves from where maritime trade is being done. Secondly, Somalia is also very close that poses threat to piracy.

[2] Training Maldivian troops: India has kept forces to train Maldivian forces.

[3] Aiding Maldieves: It involved aid in the form of financial assistance during the 2004 Tsunami, the 2014 Water Crisis and the pandemic.

⏹ What should India withdraw troops temporarily?

[1] Take a step back: Sometime, taking steps back are needed for greater good. Temporarily if India withdraws, it would definitely benefit India. It will create win-win situation. Muizzu would be able to say that he has promised election promises. India will be able to continue projects.

[2] Delegitimized Chinese approach: If India continues with bottom up approach against Chinese top down approach, it would give comparative differences among the people of Maldieves. India may gain legitimacy in long term.

[3] Building parallel leadership: India should start backing Wahid Hasan (a dissent faction of Progressive party of Maldieves to which Muizzu belong) along with backing Ibrahim Solih. If India brings Wahid Hasan and Ibrahim Solih together to from govt by inducing crack, it would weaken anti-India narrative.

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https://decodingworldaffairs.com/why-do-indian-cities-witness-frequent-flood/

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"Believe in Yourself and You will be unstoppable"....

I am very glad to tell you all that the Owner and Mentor of this group Gaurav Singh has been selected today as NIACL Administrative Officer....His journey from 2018 is very inspirational and known to very few...The ups and downs of life that he faced in these years ultimately resulted in success..... Congratulations Gaurav❤️ ...
-Aamir Khan

External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar has commented on the ongoing diplomatic row between India and Maldives and asserted “politics is politics", and added that one cannot guarantee in every country, every day, everybody will support us or agree with India. The remark was made even as Maldives established 15 March as deadline for India to pull back its troops from the island.

There could not be a bigger sign than these things that a state has failed. It is a point where the concerned state has no faith in negotiation or diplomacy. Probably that could be the reason behind unilateral steps taken by the US, India and now Pakistan.

[1] On May 1, 2011, the United States unilaterally launched a raid to capture or kill al-Qaeda chief Osama bin Laden in northern Pakistan.

[2] India has carried out surgical strikes against militants along the de-facto border with Pakistan in Kashmir amid Pulwama and Pathankot attack.

[3] Recently, Iran launched strikes against Pakistan as a retaliatory response to the death of 11 Iranian police force members who were killed by the notorious Sunni terror group, Jaish al-Adl.

Reactions?

⏹ Pakistan: Islamabad has strongly condemned the unprovoked violation of its airspace by Iran, recalled its ambassador from Iran, and suspended all high-level visits citing violation of sovereignty.

⏹ India: India has backed Iran in its missile attack on alleged terror camps in Pakistan’s Balochistan Province, calling it an act of “self-defence”.

Houthi controlled area in Yemen

https://decodingworldaffairs.com/not-all-who-wander-are-lost/

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Context: On December 27, 2023, the New York Times filed a lawsuit against OpenAI and its backer Microsoft, accusing them of copyright infringement. The NYT has alleged that OpenAI used thousands of its articles to train ChatGPT, a large language model, without permission or compensation. What are the issues involved in this context?

Issues faced by OpenAI with respect to Copyrighted Work

[1] Violation of Copyright: AI often requires a large amount of data to train their algorithms effectively. It includes copyrighted material such as images, texts, and music, which may raise copyright infringement concerns.

[2] Against fair use doctrine: This doctrine allows for limited use of copyrighted material without permission, under certain circumstances. AI-generated work doesn't quality fair use doctrine. It is so because "fair use" is based on moral ground that benefits larger society. But AI generation content benefits commercially to few.

[3] Issues related to liability: If an AI system creates a work without human intervention, determining the rightful copyright owner becomes challenging. Also, if somebody uses it and causes harm, then it is not clear who will be responsible?

[4] Demotivate innovation: Benefits of the content is largely being used by the users of AI without paying anything to the creator of content. It demotivates the creator to put forward innovative ideas without compensation.

[5] Haves and have-nots: It is creating similar situation where farmer who actually produces grains are in destress condition vis-a-vis a biscuit made out of grain that was manufactured and sold by the service sector. It benefits user of AI but not creator and create gap.

♛ Decoding World Affairs

The case is being heard in Supreme Court on the issue of given "minority status" to AMU in 1981. In 2019, a three-judge Bench presided by the then CJI Ranjan Gogoi referred the matter to a seven-judge Bench.