𝗔𝗜 & 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 (𝗡𝗼 𝗖𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗡𝗲𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗱)

Apply Now👉:- https://pdlink.in/4aYWald

By E&ICT Academy, IIT Roorkee

Batch Closing Soon - 26th July 2026

✅ 🔤 A–Z of SQL Commands 🗄️💻⚡

A – ALTER
Modify an existing table structure (add/modify/drop columns).

B – BEGIN
Start a transaction block.

C – CREATE
Create database objects like tables, views, indexes.

D – DELETE
Remove records from a table.

E – EXISTS
Check if a subquery returns any rows.

F – FETCH
Retrieve rows from a cursor.

G – GRANT
Give privileges to users.

H – HAVING
Filter aggregated results (used with GROUP BY).

I – INSERT
Add new records into a table.

J – JOIN
Combine rows from two or more tables.

K – KEY (PRIMARY KEY / FOREIGN KEY)
Define constraints for uniqueness and relationships.

L – LIMIT
Restrict number of rows returned (MySQL/PostgreSQL).

M – MERGE
Insert/update data conditionally (mainly in SQL Server/Oracle).

N – NULL
Represents missing or unknown data.

O – ORDER BY
Sort query results.

P – PROCEDURE
Stored program in the database.

Q – QUERY
Request for data (general SQL statement).

R – ROLLBACK
Undo changes in a transaction.

S – SELECT
Retrieve data from tables.

T – TRUNCATE
Remove all records from a table quickly.

U – UPDATE
Modify existing records.

V – VIEW
Virtual table based on a query.

W – WHERE
Filter records based on conditions.

X – XML PATH
Generate XML output (mainly SQL Server).

Y – YEAR()
Extract year from a date.

Z – ZONE (AT TIME ZONE)
Convert datetime to specific time zone.

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🎯 SQL Interview Pattern: Running Total (Cumulative Sum)

Master this one pattern, and you'll be able to solve questions like:

📈 Running Total of Sales
💰 Cumulative Revenue
🛒 Customer Lifetime Spend
📦 Running Inventory Balance
👥 Cumulative User Sign-ups
💳 Account Balance After Each Transaction
📊 Cumulative Monthly Profit

🧠 How to Identify This Pattern

If the question contains words like:

• Running Total
• Cumulative
• Till Date
• So Far
• Progressive Sum
• Rolling Balance

👉 Think: Window Function (SUM() OVER())

✅ Approach

1️⃣ Identify the value to accumulate.
2️⃣ Find the correct ordering column (usually Date or ID).
3️⃣ Use:

SUM(column_name) OVER (
ORDER BY column_name
)

💡 Bonus Tip:

Need a separate running total for each customer, product, or department?

➡️ Add PARTITION BY before ORDER BY.

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– Excel, SQL Server, SharePoint, APIs, CSV, etc.

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– Use Power Query to shape, clean, and prepare data

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– Create relationships between tables
– Understand star schema & normalization basics

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– Calculated columns, measures, time intelligence functions

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– Charts & Pivot Tables
– Data cleaning
💡 Excel is still the #1 tool in many companies.

3️⃣ Learn SQL
🧩 SQL helps you pull and analyze data from databases.
Start with:
– SELECT, WHERE, JOIN, GROUP BY
🛠️ Practice on platforms like W3Schools or Mode Analytics.

4️⃣ Pick a Programming Language
🐍 Start with Python (easier) or R
– Learn pandas, matplotlib, numpy
– Do small projects (e.g. analyze sales data)

5️⃣ Data Visualization Tools
📊 Learn:
– Power BI or Tableau
– Build simple dashboards
💡 Start with free versions or YouTube tutorials.

6️⃣ Practice with Real Data
🔍 Use sites like Kaggle or Data.gov
– Clean, analyze, visualize
– Try small case studies (sales report, customer trends)

7️⃣ Create a Portfolio
💻 Share projects on:
– GitHub
– Notion or a simple website
📌 Add visuals + brief explanations of your insights.

8️⃣ Improve Soft Skills
🗣️ Focus on:
– Presenting data in simple words
– Asking good questions
– Thinking critically about patterns

9️⃣ Certifications to Stand Out
🎓 Try:
– Google Data Analytics (Coursera)
– IBM Data Analyst
– LinkedIn Learning basics

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🎯 Titles to look for:
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– Business Analyst

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𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝗲𝗿: You have 2 minutes to solve this SQL query.

Find the second highest salary in each department from the employees table, excluding any department with fewer than 2 employees.

𝗠𝗲: Challenge accepted!

SELECT 
    department, 
    MAX(salary) AS second_highest_salary
FROM (
    SELECT 
        department, 
        salary,
        ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary DESC) as rn
    FROM employees
) ranked
WHERE rn = 2
GROUP BY department;

I used a subquery with ROW_NUMBER() window function partitioned by department to rank salaries in descending order within each department. The outer query then filters for rank 2 (second highest) and groups to get distinct departments. This demonstrates mastery of window functions, which are essential for advanced analytics and ranking problems.

𝗧𝗶𝗽 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝗤𝗟 𝗝𝗼𝗯 𝗦𝗲𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿𝘀:
Window functions like ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), and DENSE_RANK() unlock complex ranking and analytics—practice them daily to ace behavioral and technical rounds!

React with ❤️ for more

Last 25 seats | Batch closing this week!
​
​𝗔𝗜 & 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 (𝗡𝗼 𝗖𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗡𝗲𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗱)

E&ICT Academy, IIT Roorkee is closing admissions for their Data Science & AI Certification on 2nd August 2026.

✅ No coding background needed
✅ IIT faculty-led program
✅ Certificate from E&ICT IIT Roorkee

𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗹𝘆 𝗯𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝘀𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘀 𝗳𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝘂𝗽:-

https://pdlink.in/4aYWald

💫Deadline: 2nd August 2026

Preparing for a SQL interview?

Focus on mastering these essential topics:

1. Joins: Get comfortable with inner, left, right, and outer joins.
Knowing when to use what kind of join is important!

2. Window Functions: Understand when to use
ROW_NUMBER, RANK(), DENSE_RANK(), LAG, and LEAD for complex analytical queries.

3. Query Execution Order: Know the sequence from FROM to
ORDER BY. This is crucial for writing efficient, error-free queries.

4. Common Table Expressions (CTEs): Use CTEs to simplify and structure complex queries for better readability.

5. Aggregations & Window Functions: Combine aggregate functions with window functions for in-depth data analysis.

6. Subqueries: Learn how to use subqueries effectively within main SQL statements for complex data manipulations.

7. Handling NULLs: Be adept at managing NULL values to ensure accurate data processing and avoid potential pitfalls.

8. Indexing: Understand how proper indexing can significantly boost query performance.

9. GROUP BY & HAVING: Master grouping data and filtering groups with HAVING to refine your query results.

10. String Manipulation Functions: Get familiar with string functions like CONCAT, SUBSTRING, and REPLACE to handle text data efficiently.

11. Set Operations: Know how to use UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT to combine or compare result sets.

12. Optimizing Queries: Learn techniques to optimize your queries for performance, especially with large datasets.

Here you can find essential SQL Interview Resources👇
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VanC5rODzgT6TiTGoa1v

Like this post if you need more 👍❤️

Hope it helps :)