π¨ CVE-2026-33810
When verifying a certificate chain containing excluded DNS constraints, these constraints are not correctly applied to wildcard DNS SANs which use a different case than the constraint. This only affects validation of otherwise trusted certificate chains, issued by a root CA in the VerifyOptions.Roots CertPool, or in the system certificate pool.
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When verifying a certificate chain containing excluded DNS constraints, these constraints are not correctly applied to wildcard DNS SANs which use a different case than the constraint. This only affects validation of otherwise trusted certificate chains, issued by a root CA in the VerifyOptions.Roots CertPool, or in the system certificate pool.
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π¨ CVE-2025-62718
Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.0 and 0.31.0, Axios does not correctly handle hostname normalization when checking NO_PROXY rules. Requests to loopback addresses like localhost. (with a trailing dot) or [::1] (IPv6 literal) skip NO_PROXY matching and go through the configured proxy. This goes against what developers expect and lets attackers force requests through a proxy, even if NO_PROXY is set up to protect loopback or internal services. This issue leads to the possibility of proxy bypass and SSRF vulnerabilities allowing attackers to reach sensitive loopback or internal services despite the configured protections. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.0 and 0.31.0.
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Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.0 and 0.31.0, Axios does not correctly handle hostname normalization when checking NO_PROXY rules. Requests to loopback addresses like localhost. (with a trailing dot) or [::1] (IPv6 literal) skip NO_PROXY matching and go through the configured proxy. This goes against what developers expect and lets attackers force requests through a proxy, even if NO_PROXY is set up to protect loopback or internal services. This issue leads to the possibility of proxy bypass and SSRF vulnerabilities allowing attackers to reach sensitive loopback or internal services despite the configured protections. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.0 and 0.31.0.
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IETF Datatracker
RFC 1034: Domain names - concepts and facilities
This RFC is the revised basic definition of The Domain Name System. It obsoletes RFC-882. This memo describes the domain style names and their used for host address look up and electronic mail forwarding. It discusses the clients and servers in the domainβ¦
π¨ CVE-2026-40175
Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Versions prior to 1.15.0 and 0.3.1 are vulnerable to a specific gadget-style attack chain in which prototype pollution in a third-party dependency may be leveraged to inject unsanitized header values into outbound requests. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.0 and 0.3.1.
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Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Versions prior to 1.15.0 and 0.3.1 are vulnerable to a specific gadget-style attack chain in which prototype pollution in a third-party dependency may be leveraged to inject unsanitized header values into outbound requests. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.0 and 0.3.1.
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GitHub
fix: backport the fixes from the v1 branch (#10688) Β· axios/axios@03cdfc9
* fix: backport the fixes from the v1 branch
* chore: fix feedback from cubic
* chore: fix possible incorrect handleing
* chore: fix feedback from cubic
* chore: fix possible incorrect handleing
π¨ CVE-2025-14813
: Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm vulnerability in Legion of the Bouncy Castle Inc. BC-JAVA bcprov on all (core modules).
This vulnerability is associated with program files G3413CTRBlockCipher.
This issue affects BC-JAVA: from 1.59 before 1.80.2, from 1.81 before 1.81.1, from 1.82 before 1.84.
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: Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm vulnerability in Legion of the Bouncy Castle Inc. BC-JAVA bcprov on all (core modules).
This vulnerability is associated with program files G3413CTRBlockCipher.
This issue affects BC-JAVA: from 1.59 before 1.80.2, from 1.81 before 1.81.1, from 1.82 before 1.84.
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GitHub
fixed one off error in G3413CTRBlockCipher Β· bcgit/bc-java@701686c
Bouncy Castle Java Distribution (Mirror). Contribute to bcgit/bc-java development by creating an account on GitHub.
π¨ CVE-2026-35469
spdystream is a Go library for multiplexing streams over SPDY connections. In versions 0.5.0 and below, the SPDY/3 frame parser does not validate attacker-controlled counts and lengths before allocating memory. Three allocation paths are affected: the SETTINGS frame entry count, the header count in parseHeaderValueBlock, and individual header field sizes β all read as 32-bit integers and used directly as allocation sizes with no bounds checking. Because SPDY header blocks are zlib-compressed, a small on-the-wire payload can decompress into large attacker-controlled values. A remote peer that can send SPDY frames to a service using spdystream can exhaust process memory and cause an out-of-memory crash with a single crafted control frame. This issue has been fixed in version 0.5.1.
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spdystream is a Go library for multiplexing streams over SPDY connections. In versions 0.5.0 and below, the SPDY/3 frame parser does not validate attacker-controlled counts and lengths before allocating memory. Three allocation paths are affected: the SETTINGS frame entry count, the header count in parseHeaderValueBlock, and individual header field sizes β all read as 32-bit integers and used directly as allocation sizes with no bounds checking. Because SPDY header blocks are zlib-compressed, a small on-the-wire payload can decompress into large attacker-controlled values. A remote peer that can send SPDY frames to a service using spdystream can exhaust process memory and cause an out-of-memory crash with a single crafted control frame. This issue has been fixed in version 0.5.1.
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GitHub
Release v0.5.1 Β· moby/spdystream
What's Changed
Security
Fix memory amplification in SPDY frame parsing leads to denial of service (CVE-2026-35469 / GHSA-pc3f-x583-g7j2)
Changes
spdy: fix duplicate license headers, add LICENS...
Security
Fix memory amplification in SPDY frame parsing leads to denial of service (CVE-2026-35469 / GHSA-pc3f-x583-g7j2)
Changes
spdy: fix duplicate license headers, add LICENS...
π¨ CVE-2026-40478
Thymeleaf is a server-side Java template engine for web and standalone environments. Versions 3.1.3.RELEASE and prior contain a security bypass vulnerability in the the expression execution mechanisms. Although the library provides mechanisms to prevent expression injection, it fails to properly neutralize specific syntax patterns that allow for the execution of unauthorized expressions. If an application developer passes unvalidated user input directly to the template engine, an unauthenticated remote attacker can bypass the library's protections to achieve Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI). This issue has ben fixed in version 3.1.4.RELEASE.
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Thymeleaf is a server-side Java template engine for web and standalone environments. Versions 3.1.3.RELEASE and prior contain a security bypass vulnerability in the the expression execution mechanisms. Although the library provides mechanisms to prevent expression injection, it fails to properly neutralize specific syntax patterns that allow for the execution of unauthorized expressions. If an application developer passes unvalidated user input directly to the template engine, an unauthenticated remote attacker can bypass the library's protections to achieve Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI). This issue has ben fixed in version 3.1.4.RELEASE.
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GitHub
Improper neutralization of specific syntax patterns for unauthorized expressions in Thymeleaf
### Impact
A security bypass vulnerability exists in the expression execution mechanisms of Thymeleaf up to and including 3.1.3.RELEASE. Although the library provides mechanisms to prevent express...
A security bypass vulnerability exists in the expression execution mechanisms of Thymeleaf up to and including 3.1.3.RELEASE. Although the library provides mechanisms to prevent express...
π¨ CVE-2026-41245
Junrar is an open source java RAR archive library. Prior to version 7.5.10, a path traversal vulnerability in `LocalFolderExtractor` allows an attacker to write arbitrary files with attacker-controlled content into sibling directories when a crafted RAR archive is extracted. Version 7.5.10 fixes the issue.
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Junrar is an open source java RAR archive library. Prior to version 7.5.10, a path traversal vulnerability in `LocalFolderExtractor` allows an attacker to write arbitrary files with attacker-controlled content into sibling directories when a crafted RAR archive is extracted. Version 7.5.10 fixes the issue.
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GitHub
fix: better handling of files outside directory when extracting Β· junrar/junrar@d77e9a8
Plain Java unrar library. Contribute to junrar/junrar development by creating an account on GitHub.
π¨ CVE-2026-40895
follow-redirects is an open source, drop-in replacement for Node's `http` and `https` modules that automatically follows redirects. Prior to 1.16.0, when an HTTP request follows a cross-domain redirect (301/302/307/308), follow-redirects only strips authorization, proxy-authorization, and cookie headers (matched by regex at index.js). Any custom authentication header (e.g., X-API-Key, X-Auth-Token, Api-Key, Token) is forwarded verbatim to the redirect target. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.16.0.
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follow-redirects is an open source, drop-in replacement for Node's `http` and `https` modules that automatically follows redirects. Prior to 1.16.0, when an HTTP request follows a cross-domain redirect (301/302/307/308), follow-redirects only strips authorization, proxy-authorization, and cookie headers (matched by regex at index.js). Any custom authentication header (e.g., X-API-Key, X-Auth-Token, Api-Key, Token) is forwarded verbatim to the redirect target. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.16.0.
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GitHub
Custom Authentication Headers Leaked to Cross-Domain Redirect Targets
## Summary
When an HTTP request follows a cross-domain redirect (301/302/307/308), `follow-redirects` only strips `authorization`, `proxy-authorization`, and `cookie` headers (matched by regex a...
When an HTTP request follows a cross-domain redirect (301/302/307/308), `follow-redirects` only strips `authorization`, `proxy-authorization`, and `cookie` headers (matched by regex a...
π¨ CVE-2026-6857
A flaw was found in camel-infinispan. This vulnerability involves unsafe deserialization in the ProtoStream remote aggregation repository. A remote attacker with low privileges could exploit this by sending specially crafted data, leading to arbitrary code execution. This allows the attacker to gain full control over the affected system, impacting its confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
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A flaw was found in camel-infinispan. This vulnerability involves unsafe deserialization in the ProtoStream remote aggregation repository. A remote attacker with low privileges could exploit this by sending specially crafted data, leading to arbitrary code execution. This allows the attacker to gain full control over the affected system, impacting its confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
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π¨ CVE-2026-31641
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
rxrpc: Fix RxGK token loading to check bounds
rxrpc_preparse_xdr_yfs_rxgk() reads the raw key length and ticket length
from the XDR token as u32 values and passes each through round_up(x, 4)
before using the rounded value for validation and allocation. When the raw
length is >= 0xfffffffd, round_up() wraps to 0, so the bounds check and
kzalloc both use 0 while the subsequent memcpy still copies the original
~4 GiB value, producing a heap buffer overflow reachable from an
unprivileged add_key() call.
Fix this by:
(1) Rejecting raw key lengths above AFSTOKEN_GK_KEY_MAX and raw ticket
lengths above AFSTOKEN_GK_TOKEN_MAX before rounding, consistent with
the caps that the RxKAD path already enforces via AFSTOKEN_RK_TIX_MAX.
(2) Sizing the flexible-array allocation from the validated raw key
length via struct_size_t() instead of the rounded value.
(3) Caching the raw lengths so that the later field assignments and
memcpy calls do not re-read from the token, eliminating a class of
TOCTOU re-parse.
The control path (valid token with lengths within bounds) is unaffected.
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In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
rxrpc: Fix RxGK token loading to check bounds
rxrpc_preparse_xdr_yfs_rxgk() reads the raw key length and ticket length
from the XDR token as u32 values and passes each through round_up(x, 4)
before using the rounded value for validation and allocation. When the raw
length is >= 0xfffffffd, round_up() wraps to 0, so the bounds check and
kzalloc both use 0 while the subsequent memcpy still copies the original
~4 GiB value, producing a heap buffer overflow reachable from an
unprivileged add_key() call.
Fix this by:
(1) Rejecting raw key lengths above AFSTOKEN_GK_KEY_MAX and raw ticket
lengths above AFSTOKEN_GK_TOKEN_MAX before rounding, consistent with
the caps that the RxKAD path already enforces via AFSTOKEN_RK_TIX_MAX.
(2) Sizing the flexible-array allocation from the validated raw key
length via struct_size_t() instead of the rounded value.
(3) Caching the raw lengths so that the later field assignments and
memcpy calls do not re-read from the token, eliminating a class of
TOCTOU re-parse.
The control path (valid token with lengths within bounds) is unaffected.
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π¨ CVE-2026-42033
Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, when Object.prototype has been polluted by any co-dependency with keys that axios reads without a hasOwnProperty guard, an attacker can (a) silently intercept and modify every JSON response before the application sees it, or (b) fully hijack the underlying HTTP transport, gaining access to request credentials, headers, and body. The precondition is prototype pollution from a separate source in the same process. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.1 and 0.31.1.
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Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, when Object.prototype has been polluted by any co-dependency with keys that axios reads without a hasOwnProperty guard, an attacker can (a) silently intercept and modify every JSON response before the application sees it, or (b) fully hijack the underlying HTTP transport, gaining access to request credentials, headers, and body. The precondition is prototype pollution from a separate source in the same process. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.1 and 0.31.1.
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GitHub
Prototype Pollution Gadgets in axios: Response Tampering, Data Exfiltration, and Request Hijacking
## Summary
When `Object.prototype` has been polluted by any co-dependency with keys that axios reads without a `hasOwnProperty` guard, an attacker can (a) silently intercept and modify every JSO...
When `Object.prototype` has been polluted by any co-dependency with keys that axios reads without a `hasOwnProperty` guard, an attacker can (a) silently intercept and modify every JSO...
π¨ CVE-2026-42039
Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, toFormData recursively walks nested objects with no depth limit, so a deeply nested value passed as request data crashes the Node.js process with a RangeError. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.1 and 0.31.1.
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Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, toFormData recursively walks nested objects with no depth limit, so a deeply nested value passed as request data crashes the Node.js process with a RangeError. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.1 and 0.31.1.
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GitHub
axios: unbounded recursion in toFormData causes DoS via deeply nested request data
### Summary
toFormData recursively walks nested objects with no depth limit, so a deeply nested value passed as request data crashes the Node.js process with a RangeError.
### Details
lib/help...
toFormData recursively walks nested objects with no depth limit, so a deeply nested value passed as request data crashes the Node.js process with a RangeError.
### Details
lib/help...
π¨ CVE-2026-42043
Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, an attacker who can influence the target URL of an Axios request can use any address in the 127.0.0.0/8 range (other than 127.0.0.1) to completely bypass the NO_PROXY protection. This vulnerability is due to an incomplete for CVE-2025-62718, This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.1 and 0.31.1.
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Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, an attacker who can influence the target URL of an Axios request can use any address in the 127.0.0.0/8 range (other than 127.0.0.1) to completely bypass the NO_PROXY protection. This vulnerability is due to an incomplete for CVE-2025-62718, This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.1 and 0.31.1.
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GitHub
[Patch Bypass] Incomplete Fix for GHSA-3p68-rc4w-qgx5 (CVE-2025-62718) β NO_PROXY Protection Bypassed via RFC 1122 Loopback Subnetβ¦
**1. Executive Summary**
This report documents an **incomplete security patch** for the previously disclosed vulnerability **GHSA-3p68-rc4w-qgx5 (CVE-2025-62718)**, which affects the `NO_PROXY` ho...
This report documents an **incomplete security patch** for the previously disclosed vulnerability **GHSA-3p68-rc4w-qgx5 (CVE-2025-62718)**, which affects the `NO_PROXY` ho...
π¨ CVE-2026-42044
Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. From 1.0.0 to before 1.15.2, he Axios library is vulnerable to a Prototype Pollution "Gadget" attack that allows any Object.prototype pollution in the application's dependency tree to be escalated into surgical, invisible modification of all JSON API responses β including privilege escalation, balance manipulation, and authorization bypass. The default transformResponse function at lib/defaults/index.js:124 calls JSON.parse(data, this.parseReviver), where this is the merged config object. Because parseReviver is not present in Axios defaults, not validated by assertOptions, and not subject to any constraints, a polluted Object.prototype.parseReviver function is called for every key-value pair in every JSON response, allowing the attacker to selectively modify individual values while leaving the rest of the response intact. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.2.
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Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. From 1.0.0 to before 1.15.2, he Axios library is vulnerable to a Prototype Pollution "Gadget" attack that allows any Object.prototype pollution in the application's dependency tree to be escalated into surgical, invisible modification of all JSON API responses β including privilege escalation, balance manipulation, and authorization bypass. The default transformResponse function at lib/defaults/index.js:124 calls JSON.parse(data, this.parseReviver), where this is the merged config object. Because parseReviver is not present in Axios defaults, not validated by assertOptions, and not subject to any constraints, a polluted Object.prototype.parseReviver function is called for every key-value pair in every JSON response, allowing the attacker to selectively modify individual values while leaving the rest of the response intact. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.2.
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GitHub
Invisible JSON Response Tampering via Prototype Pollution Gadget in `parseReviver`
# Vulnerability Disclosure: Invisible JSON Response Tampering via Prototype Pollution Gadget in `parseReviver`
## Summary
The Axios library is vulnerable to a Prototype Pollution "Gadget...
## Summary
The Axios library is vulnerable to a Prototype Pollution "Gadget...
π¨ CVE-2025-48431
Mismatched Memory Management Routines vulnerability in Apache Thrift c_glib language bindings.
This issue affects Apache Thrift: before 0.23.0.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 0.23.0, which fixes the issue.
Description: Specially crafted requests can crash an c_glib-based Thrift server with a clean but fatal "free(): invalid pointer" error message.
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Mismatched Memory Management Routines vulnerability in Apache Thrift c_glib language bindings.
This issue affects Apache Thrift: before 0.23.0.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 0.23.0, which fixes the issue.
Description: Specially crafted requests can crash an c_glib-based Thrift server with a clean but fatal "free(): invalid pointer" error message.
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π¨ CVE-2026-41602
Integer Overflow or Wraparound vulnerability in Apache Thrift TFramedTransport Go language implementation
This issue affects Apache Thrift: before 0.23.0.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 0.23.0, which fixes the issue.
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Integer Overflow or Wraparound vulnerability in Apache Thrift TFramedTransport Go language implementation
This issue affects Apache Thrift: before 0.23.0.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 0.23.0, which fixes the issue.
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π¨ CVE-2026-41604
Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in Apache Thrift.
This issue affects Apache Thrift: before 0.23.0.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 0.23.0, which fixes the issue.
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Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in Apache Thrift.
This issue affects Apache Thrift: before 0.23.0.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 0.23.0, which fixes the issue.
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π¨ CVE-2026-41605
Integer Overflow or Wraparound vulnerability in Apache Thrift.
This issue affects Apache Thrift: before 0.23.0.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 0.23.0, which fixes the issue.
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Integer Overflow or Wraparound vulnerability in Apache Thrift.
This issue affects Apache Thrift: before 0.23.0.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 0.23.0, which fixes the issue.
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π¨ CVE-2026-41607
Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in Apache Thrift.
This issue affects Apache Thrift: before 0.23.0.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 0.23.0, which fixes the issue.
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Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in Apache Thrift.
This issue affects Apache Thrift: before 0.23.0.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 0.23.0, which fixes the issue.
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π¨ CVE-2026-42198
pgjdbc is an open source postgresql JDBC Driver. From version 42.2.0 to before version 42.7.11, pgjdbc is vulnerable to a client-side denial of service during SCRAM-SHA-256 authentication. A malicious server can instruct the driver to perform SCRAM authentication with a very large iteration count. With a large enough value, the client spends an unbounded amount of CPU time inside PBKDF2 before authentication can fail. A single attempt ties up a CPU core. Repeated or concurrent attempts exhaust client CPU and can wedge connection pools. In affected versions, loginTimeout did not fully mitigate this problem. When loginTimeout expired, the caller could stop waiting, but the worker thread performing the connection attempt could continue running and burning CPU inside the SCRAM PBKDF2 computation. This issue has been patched in version 42.7.11.
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pgjdbc is an open source postgresql JDBC Driver. From version 42.2.0 to before version 42.7.11, pgjdbc is vulnerable to a client-side denial of service during SCRAM-SHA-256 authentication. A malicious server can instruct the driver to perform SCRAM authentication with a very large iteration count. With a large enough value, the client spends an unbounded amount of CPU time inside PBKDF2 before authentication can fail. A single attempt ties up a CPU core. Repeated or concurrent attempts exhaust client CPU and can wedge connection pools. In affected versions, loginTimeout did not fully mitigate this problem. When loginTimeout expired, the caller could stop waiting, but the worker thread performing the connection attempt could continue running and burning CPU inside the SCRAM PBKDF2 computation. This issue has been patched in version 42.7.11.
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GitHub
Release v42.7.11 Β· pgjdbc/pgjdbc
Security
fix: Limit SCRAM PBKDF2 iterations accepted from the server.
pgjdbc was vulnerable to a client-side denial of service in SCRAM-SHA-256 authentication, where a malicious or compromised Pos...
fix: Limit SCRAM PBKDF2 iterations accepted from the server.
pgjdbc was vulnerable to a client-side denial of service in SCRAM-SHA-256 authentication, where a malicious or compromised Pos...
π¨ CVE-2026-7163
A vulnerability in the assisted-service REST API, an optional Assisted Installer (assisted-service) component in the Multicluster Engine (MCE), allows an authenticated user with minimal namespace-scoped privileges to obtain administrative credentials for arbitrary clusters provisioned through the hub.
The credentials download endpoint (GET /v2/clusters/{cluster_id}/credentials, which returns the kubeadmin password) and the kubeconfig download endpoint are operational in AUTH_TYPE=local mode, the only authentication mode available in on-premises ACM/MCE hub deployments. The local authenticator unconditionally grants full administrative access to any request bearing a valid JWT, with no per-endpoint restrictions. A valid local JWT is embedded as a plaintext query parameter in InfraEnvStatus.ISODownloadURL and is readable by any user who has get rights on an InfraEnv object in their own namespace.
The affected components ship as part of Multicluster Engine (MCE). The Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (ACM) deployments that include MCE are equally affected.
This issue does not affect the hosted SaaS offering (console.redhat.com), which uses a different authentication mode.
Successful exploitation gives the attacker the kubeadmin password and kubeconfig for any OpenShift cluster provisioned through the affected hub, granting unrestricted root-level administrative access to those spoke clusters.
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A vulnerability in the assisted-service REST API, an optional Assisted Installer (assisted-service) component in the Multicluster Engine (MCE), allows an authenticated user with minimal namespace-scoped privileges to obtain administrative credentials for arbitrary clusters provisioned through the hub.
The credentials download endpoint (GET /v2/clusters/{cluster_id}/credentials, which returns the kubeadmin password) and the kubeconfig download endpoint are operational in AUTH_TYPE=local mode, the only authentication mode available in on-premises ACM/MCE hub deployments. The local authenticator unconditionally grants full administrative access to any request bearing a valid JWT, with no per-endpoint restrictions. A valid local JWT is embedded as a plaintext query parameter in InfraEnvStatus.ISODownloadURL and is readable by any user who has get rights on an InfraEnv object in their own namespace.
The affected components ship as part of Multicluster Engine (MCE). The Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (ACM) deployments that include MCE are equally affected.
This issue does not affect the hosted SaaS offering (console.redhat.com), which uses a different authentication mode.
Successful exploitation gives the attacker the kubeadmin password and kubeconfig for any OpenShift cluster provisioned through the affected hub, granting unrestricted root-level administrative access to those spoke clusters.
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