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*A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)* – Personal liberty under Article 21.

*Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)* – Basic Structure Doctrine.

*I.C. Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967)* – Amendability of Fundamental Rights.

*Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)* – Expanded the scope of Article 21.

*S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)* – Federalism and misuse of Article 356.

*Indira Sawhney v. Union of India (1992)* – Reservations and the Mandal Commission.

*K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)* – Right to Privacy.

*Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)* – Decriminalization of homosexuality.

*Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017)* – Triple Talaq invalid.

*Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980)* – Reaffirmed the Basic Structure Doctrine..
*🛡️Ashoka Rock Edicts Features Inscribed in Edicts*

*♟️Major Rock Edict I :-* Prohibits animal slaughter Bans festive gatherings
*♟️Major Rock Edict II :-* Mentions the South Indian kingdoms such as Cholas, Pandya, Satyaputas and Keralaputras.
Deals with social welfare measures
*♟️Major Rock Edict III :-*
Liberty to Brahmanas Every five years Yukatas, Pradesikas along with Rajukas visit all the areas of the kingdom to spread Dhamma.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IV :-*
Preference of Dhammaghosa (Sound of peace) over Berighosa (Sound of wandrums).
Impact of Dhamma on society
*♟️Major Rock Edict V :-* Humane treatment of slaves by their masters Mentions about the appointment of Dhamma Mahamatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict VI :-* Deals with the welfare measures King’s wish to know about the condition of the people
*♟️Major Rock Edict VII :-* Tolerance towards all religions and sects
*♟️Major Rock Edict VIII :-*
Mentions about Ashoka’s visit to Bodh Gaya and Bodhi tree Maintaining contact with rural people via Dharmayatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IX :-* Stresses on the moral conduct of people.
Avoiding expensive ceremonies
*♟️Major Rock Edict X :-* Condemns the desire for fame and glory
*♟️Major Rock Edict XI :-* Elaborate explanation of Dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XII :-* Appeal for developing tolerance towards all religious sects.
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIII :-* Explains about Kalinga war and conquest through dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIV :-* Deals with the purpose of engraving inscriptions in various parts of the country.
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🌏Gulf of Eilat

♟️It is also known as Gulf of Aqaba which is the northeastern extension of the Red Sea.
♟️The northern portion of the Red Sea is divided by the Sinai Peninsula into the Gulf of Aqaba in the east and the Gulf of Suez in the west. 
♟️It is located along the southeastern edge of the Sinai Peninsula and to the west of the Arabian Peninsula. 
♟️It forms an integral part of the East African Rift System and was created by seismic activity along the Afro-Syrian Rift.
♟️The Tiran Strait connects the Gulf of Aqaba with the Red Sea. It also serves as a connecting point between the continents of Asia and Africa.
♟️It supports unique and diverse aquatic ecosystems and serves as a vital habitat for some of the world’s richest coral reefs.
♟️It is bordered by the countries of Israel, Jordan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.
♟️Some of the major cities that are situated on the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba include Taba (Egypt), Eilat (Israel), and Aqaba (Jordan). 
*🛡️Countries through which Tropic of Capricorn Passes*

*💎Trick:- CAB PNB Se Mumbai Aai.*

♟️C : Chile,
♟️A : Argentina,
♟️B : Brazil,
♟️P : Paraguay,
♟️N : Namibia,
♟️B : Botswana,
♟️S : South Africa,
♟️M : Mozambique,
♟️M : Madagascar,
♟️A: Australia.

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SWAYATT Initiative (Startups, Women and Youth Advantage through e-Transactions)

Objective:
To increase participation of women-led enterprises and youth in government procurement.

Features
-
Enables startups, women entrepreneurs, youth, Micro & Small Enterprises (MSEs), Self Help Groups (SHGs), and last-mile sellers to participate directly in government procurement.
-Implemented through the Government e-Marketplace (GeM).
-Based on the principle of social inclusion in public procurement.
-Addresses three major challenges faced by emerging enterprises:Access to markets, Access to finance,Access to value addition

Government e-Marketplace (GeM)
-
Online platform for government procurement, Known as India’s National Procurement Portal
-Used by ministries, departments and PSUs to buy goods and services

Developed by DGS&D (Ministry of Commerce & Industry) with support from National e-Governance Division (MeitY)
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Superconductivity

Discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1911)
Property of certain materials to conduct direct current (DC) with zero electrical resistance when cooled below a critical temperature (Tc)
Tc (Critical Temperature): Temperature at which material becomes superconducting

📍 Key Properties
Zero Electrical Resistance: No energy loss during current flow → extremely efficient power transmission
Meissner Effect: Complete expulsion of magnetic field from inside the superconductor (perfect diamagnetism)

📍 Applications
Medical: MRI machines (strong stable magnetic fields)
Science: Particle accelerators like LHC
Transport: Maglev trains (magnetic levitation → frictionless movement)
Energy: High-efficiency power cables & storage
Technology: Quantum computing & advanced sensors

📍 Significance of New Research
➡️ Moving towards higher-temperature superconductivity reduces cooling cost
➡️ Enhances feasibility of large-scale real-world applications
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🚨 UPSC Prelims 2026- Final Countdown Begins!
Only 60 Days Left

🔥 Dhurandhar Batch 2.0 launching on 26th March

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uppcs 2023 DSP Topper ( Scs Gyan sir student ) Rank 42 Roll number 185483 Arun Parashar
( up pcs topper finally selected from PCS KING 🔥GYAN SIR study for civil services )
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🚨 UPSC Prelims 2026- Final Countdown Begins!
Only 60 Days Left

🔥 Dhurandhar Batch 2.0 launching on 26th March

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✔️ 1:1 Mentorship (Personal guidance till exam day)
✔️ Prelims-Oriented Revision Framework (What to read, what to skip)
✔️ Expected Questions + Smart Elimination Techniques
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Eng Medium - 16th Finance Commission.pdf
4.5 MB
16th finance commission most important notes for uppcs pre & mains both ( gs paper 2 mains + prelims ) , upsc , bpsc , State pcs , ukpsc by Gyan sir study for civil services



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