Criminalization of politics Reasons
1. Vote bank- SC : voters not organically evolved till now- thus nexus between politicians and criminals 2. Corruption - increasing criminals in LS
3. Loop holes in function of ECI- MCC is openly flouted by candidates 4. Denial of justice and rule of law- only 40% cases against politicians transferred to Special courts - that too have only 11% conviction
5. Criminals- though debarred from election - but continue high posts in party

Imapct of criminalisation 1. Law breakers become law makes - undermines Sanctity of Parliament
2. Loss of public faith in judiciary machinery - as criminals use delayed hearing, adjournment, innumerable interlocutory petition to stall case progress
3.Tainted democracy - culture of money and muscle power
4. Self perpetuating- as party sees winnability factor in giving tickets

Hybrid Sounding rocket

🧤A hybrid-sounding rocket is a type of rocket that uses a hybrid rocket engine to power its flight.

🧤A hybrid rocket engine uses a solid fuel grain and a liquid or gaseous oxidizer to generate thrust.

🧤Hybrid-sounding rockets are often used by universities, government agencies, and private companies for scientific research and testing of new technologies because of their low cost.

Angel Investors 👆👆

Capacity cost

🧤- Capacity Cost is associated with the capability to produce and deliver a certain level of output.

🧤- It is an expenditure or cost incurred by a company to expand its business operations.

🧤- These costs may include items such as lease agreements on larger facilities, purchase and depreciation of new equipment, as well as increased costs to operate and maintain those larger or newer assets.

🧤- For any business, it is difficult to avoid costs like insurance, rent payments, property taxes, depreciation on equipment, etc. These are examples of capacity costs.

Advantages

- This type of cost helps to ensure that the production costs are kept low while maximizing profits.
- Improves the quality of the product produced & enhances the efficiency of the processes.
- Helps reduce the amount of inventory held by a company, which can help to reduce overhead costs.

Disadvantages
- High cost of energy and infrastructure
- Limited access to capital
- Lack of reliable transportation networks

Ajivika

✅was a school of thought that developed in India during the same time as Jainism and Buddhism

✅It is one of the schools under Nastika philosophy (it does not believe in the authority of Vedas)

✅It was founded by Goshala Maskariputra (He is considered to be friends with Mahavira)

✅The sect is as seen as professing total determinism in the transmigration of souls, or series of rebirths.

✅Whereas other groups believed that an individual can better his or her lot in the course of transmigration, the Ajivikas supposedly held that the affairs of the entire universe were ordered by a cosmic force called niyati that determined all events, including an individual’s fate, to the last detail

✅Ajivikas also believe that all change was illusory and that everything was eternally immobile.

✅This school of thought gained prominence for some time during Mauryan rule

The Non-Cooperation Movement

#Indian_National_Movement

▪️ The first of the Gandhi-led movements was the Non -Cooperation Movement lasting from September 1920 until February 1922.If the residents of a country stop co-operating with the British, then the minority Britishers would be forced to give up.This meant that people left their jobs, removed their children from schools, and avoided government offices.


▪️ The name Mahatma Gandhi became popular. However, the Non-Cooperation Movement ended when a violent mob erupted in Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh. The individuals involved burned a police station, killing 23 police officials. Gandhi stopped the movement, remaining true to his stance on non-violent protesting.The abrupt ending of the Non-Cooperation Movement did nothing to stop the quest for independence.

The Quit India Movement

#Indian_National_Movement

▪️ The Quit India Movement began on August 8, 1942, during World War II. The India Congress Committee, under the urging of Gandhi, called for a mass British withdrawal and Gandhi made a “Do or Die” speech. British officials acted immediately and arrested nearly every member of the Indian National Congress party.


▪️ The nation once again entered mass civil disobedience marked by anti-war speeches and refusal to assist in the war efforts. This movement introduced the idea to the British that they might be unable to maintain control of India.

Creeping inflation (1-4%)

🌳When the rate of inflation slowly increases over time.

🌳 For example, the inflation rate rises from 2% to 3%, to 4% a year. Creeping inflation may not be immediately noticeable, but if the creeping rate of inflation continues, it can become an increasing problem.

Stagflation

🌳is characterized by slow economic growth and relatively high unemployment—or economic stagnation—which is at the same time accompanied by rising prices (i.e. inflation).

🌳Stagflation can be alternatively defined as a period of inflation combined with a decline in gross domestic product (GDP).