42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive Principles to the original list. Those DPSPs are:

1⃣ Article 39 - To secure opportunities for healthy development of children.

2⃣ Article 39A - To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor.

3⃣ Article 43A - To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries

4⃣ Article 48A - To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life.

https://t.me/cseupscnotes

There are 4 types of genetic diseases

1⃣ Single Gene - Disorders caused by abnormality or mutation in the sequence of one gene.

2⃣ Multifactorial - Caused by a combination of environmental factors as well as mutations in multiple genes.

3⃣ Chromosomal - Abnormalities in chromosome structure such has missing or extra copies

4⃣ Mitochondrial - Caused by a mutation in non-chromosomal DNA of mitochondria

✅ Open Market Operation (OMO) means buying and selling of government securities in the open market by the central bank of a country (RBI in India).

•When the central bank wants to infuse liquidity into the monetary system, it will buy government securities in the open market. This way it provides commercial banks with liquidity.

•In contrast, when it sells securities, it curbs liquidity.

• Thus, the central bank indirectly controls the money supply and influences short-term interest rates.

2 Types of Open Market Operations by RBI

1. Outright Purchase (PEMO) – this is permanent and involves the outright selling or buying of government securities.

2.Repurchase Agreement (REPO) – this is short-term and are subject to repurchase.

Ethics/Values in Public Relationships

 The importance of articulating ethics and the values that define and underpin the public service, cannot be underscored. This is seen as critical to providing both public officials and the public with a common frame of reference regarding the principles and standards to be applied and in assisting public officials to develop an appreciation of the ethical issues involved in effective and efficient public service delivery.
 An example of the importance attached to the above-mentioned ethical principles is found in the “Seven Principles of Public Life” by the Nolan Committee in the United Kingdom. (this can be applied to other public relationship)
Nolan’s Seven Principles of Public Life:
 Selflessness – Holders of public office should act solely in terms of the public interest. They should not do so in order to gain financial or other benefits for themselves, their family or their friends.
 Integrity – Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other obligation to outside individuals or organisations that might seek to influence them in the performance of their official duties.
 Objectivity – In carrying out public business, including making public appointments, awarding contracts, or recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public office should make choices on merit.
 Accountability – Holders of public office are accountable for their decisions and actions to the public and must submit themselves to whatever scrutiny is appropriate to their office.
 Openness – Holders of public office should be as open as possible about all the decisions and actions they take. They should give reasons for their decisions and restrict information only when the wider public interest clearly demands.
 Honesty – Holders of public office have a duty to declare any private interests relating to their public duties and to take steps to resolve any conflicts arising in a way that protects the public interest.
 Leadership – Holders of public office should promote and support these principles by leadership and example.