DSA question by understanding patterns
If the input array is sorted then
- Binary search
- Two pointers
If asked for all permutations/subsets then
- Backtracking
If given a tree then
- DFS
- BFS
If given a graph then
- DFS
- BFS
If given a linked list then
- Two pointers
If recursion is banned then
- Stack
If must solve in-place then
- Swap corresponding values
- Store one or more different values in the same pointer
If asked for maximum/minimum subarray/ subset/options then
- Dynamic programming
If asked for top/least K items then
- Heap
- QuickSelect
If asked for common strings then
- Map
- Trie
Else
- Map/Set for O(1) time & O(n) space
- Sort input for O(nlogn) time and O(1) space
If the input array is sorted then
- Binary search
- Two pointers
If asked for all permutations/subsets then
- Backtracking
If given a tree then
- DFS
- BFS
If given a graph then
- DFS
- BFS
If given a linked list then
- Two pointers
If recursion is banned then
- Stack
If must solve in-place then
- Swap corresponding values
- Store one or more different values in the same pointer
If asked for maximum/minimum subarray/ subset/options then
- Dynamic programming
If asked for top/least K items then
- Heap
- QuickSelect
If asked for common strings then
- Map
- Trie
Else
- Map/Set for O(1) time & O(n) space
- Sort input for O(nlogn) time and O(1) space
List of most asked Programming Interview Questions.
Are you preparing for a coding interview? This tweet is for you. It contains a list of the most asked interview questions from each topic.
Arrays
- How is an array sorted using quicksort?
- How do you reverse an array?
- How do you remove duplicates from an array?
- How do you find the 2nd largest number in an unsorted integer array?
Linked Lists
- How do you find the length of a linked list?
- How do you reverse a linked list?
- How do you find the third node from the end?
- How are duplicate nodes removed in an unsorted linked list?
Strings
- How do you check if a string contains only digits?
- How can a given string be reversed?
- How do you find the first non-repeated character?
- How do you find duplicate characters in strings?
Binary Trees
- How are all leaves of a binary tree printed?
- How do you check if a tree is a binary search tree?
- How is a binary search tree implemented?
- Find the lowest common ancestor in a binary tree?
Graph
- How to detect a cycle in a directed graph?
- How to detect a cycle in an undirected graph?
- Find the total number of strongly connected components?
- Find whether a path exists between two nodes of a graph?
- Find the minimum number of swaps required to sort an array.
Dynamic Programming
1. Find the longest common subsequence?
2. Find the longest common substring?
3. Coin change problem?
4. Box stacking problem?
5. Count the number of ways to cover a distance?
Are you preparing for a coding interview? This tweet is for you. It contains a list of the most asked interview questions from each topic.
Arrays
- How is an array sorted using quicksort?
- How do you reverse an array?
- How do you remove duplicates from an array?
- How do you find the 2nd largest number in an unsorted integer array?
Linked Lists
- How do you find the length of a linked list?
- How do you reverse a linked list?
- How do you find the third node from the end?
- How are duplicate nodes removed in an unsorted linked list?
Strings
- How do you check if a string contains only digits?
- How can a given string be reversed?
- How do you find the first non-repeated character?
- How do you find duplicate characters in strings?
Binary Trees
- How are all leaves of a binary tree printed?
- How do you check if a tree is a binary search tree?
- How is a binary search tree implemented?
- Find the lowest common ancestor in a binary tree?
Graph
- How to detect a cycle in a directed graph?
- How to detect a cycle in an undirected graph?
- Find the total number of strongly connected components?
- Find whether a path exists between two nodes of a graph?
- Find the minimum number of swaps required to sort an array.
Dynamic Programming
1. Find the longest common subsequence?
2. Find the longest common substring?
3. Coin change problem?
4. Box stacking problem?
5. Count the number of ways to cover a distance?
20 recently asked 𝗞𝗔𝗙𝗞𝗔 interview questions.
- How do you create a topic in Kafka using the Confluent CLI?
- Explain the role of the Schema Registry in Kafka.
- How do you register a new schema in the Schema Registry?
- What is the importance of key-value messages in Kafka?
- Describe a scenario where using a random key for messages is beneficial.
- Provide an example where using a constant key for messages is necessary.
- Write a simple Kafka producer code that sends JSON messages to a topic.
- How do you serialize a custom object before sending it to a Kafka topic?
- Describe how you can handle serialization errors in Kafka producers.
- Write a Kafka consumer code that reads messages from a topic and deserializes them from JSON.
- How do you handle deserialization errors in Kafka consumers?
- Explain the process of deserializing messages into custom objects.
- What is a consumer group in Kafka, and why is it important?
- Describe a scenario where multiple consumer groups are used for a single topic.
- How does Kafka ensure load balancing among consumers in a group?
- How do you send JSON data to a Kafka topic and ensure it is properly serialized?
- Describe the process of consuming JSON data from a Kafka topic and converting it to a usable format.
- Explain how you can work with CSV data in Kafka, including serialization and deserialization.
- Write a Kafka producer code snippet that sends CSV data to a topic.
- Write a Kafka consumer code snippet that reads and processes CSV data from a topic.
All the best 👍🏻👍🏻
- How do you create a topic in Kafka using the Confluent CLI?
- Explain the role of the Schema Registry in Kafka.
- How do you register a new schema in the Schema Registry?
- What is the importance of key-value messages in Kafka?
- Describe a scenario where using a random key for messages is beneficial.
- Provide an example where using a constant key for messages is necessary.
- Write a simple Kafka producer code that sends JSON messages to a topic.
- How do you serialize a custom object before sending it to a Kafka topic?
- Describe how you can handle serialization errors in Kafka producers.
- Write a Kafka consumer code that reads messages from a topic and deserializes them from JSON.
- How do you handle deserialization errors in Kafka consumers?
- Explain the process of deserializing messages into custom objects.
- What is a consumer group in Kafka, and why is it important?
- Describe a scenario where multiple consumer groups are used for a single topic.
- How does Kafka ensure load balancing among consumers in a group?
- How do you send JSON data to a Kafka topic and ensure it is properly serialized?
- Describe the process of consuming JSON data from a Kafka topic and converting it to a usable format.
- Explain how you can work with CSV data in Kafka, including serialization and deserialization.
- Write a Kafka producer code snippet that sends CSV data to a topic.
- Write a Kafka consumer code snippet that reads and processes CSV data from a topic.
All the best 👍🏻👍🏻
Important Data Engineering Concepts for Interviews
1. ETL Processes: Understand the ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) process, including how to design and implement efficient pipelines to move data from various sources to a data warehouse or data lake. Familiarize yourself with tools like Apache NiFi, Talend, and AWS Glue.
2. Data Warehousing: Know the fundamentals of data warehousing, including the star schema, snowflake schema, and how to design a data warehouse that supports efficient querying and reporting. Learn about popular data warehousing solutions like Amazon Redshift, Google BigQuery, and Snowflake.
3. Data Modeling: Master data modeling concepts, including normalization and denormalization, to design databases that are optimized for both read and write operations. Understand entity-relationship (ER) diagrams and how to use them to model data relationships.
4. Big Data Technologies: Gain expertise in big data frameworks like Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark for processing large datasets. Understand the roles of HDFS, MapReduce, Hive, and Pig in the Hadoop ecosystem, and how Spark’s in-memory processing can accelerate data processing.
5. Data Lakes: Learn about data lakes as a storage solution for raw, unstructured, and semi-structured data. Understand the key differences between data lakes and data warehouses, and how to use tools like Apache Hudi and Delta Lake to manage data lakes efficiently.
6. SQL and NoSQL Databases: Be proficient in SQL for querying and managing relational databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Oracle. Also, understand when and how to use NoSQL databases like MongoDB, Cassandra, and DynamoDB for storing and querying unstructured or semi-structured data.
7. Data Pipelines: Learn how to design, build, and manage data pipelines that automate the flow of data from source systems to target destinations. Familiarize yourself with orchestration tools like Apache Airflow, Luigi, and Prefect for managing complex workflows.
8. APIs and Data Integration: Understand how to integrate data from various APIs and third-party services into your data pipelines. Learn about RESTful APIs, GraphQL, and how to handle data ingestion from external sources securely and efficiently.
9. Data Streaming: Gain knowledge of real-time data processing using streaming technologies like Apache Kafka, Apache Flink, and Amazon Kinesis. Learn how to build systems that can process and analyze data in real time as it flows through the system.
10. Cloud Platforms: Get familiar with cloud-based data engineering services offered by AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud. Understand how to use services like AWS S3, Azure Data Lake, Google Cloud Storage, AWS Redshift, and BigQuery for data storage, processing, and analysis.
11. Data Governance and Security: Learn best practices for data governance, including how to implement data quality checks, lineage tracking, and metadata management. Understand data security concepts like encryption, access control, and GDPR compliance to protect sensitive data.
12. Automation and Scripting: Be proficient in scripting languages like Python, Bash, or PowerShell to automate repetitive tasks, manage data pipelines, and perform ad-hoc data processing.
13. Data Versioning and Lineage: Understand the importance of data versioning and lineage for tracking changes to data over time. Learn how to use tools like Apache Atlas or DataHub for managing metadata and ensuring traceability in your data pipelines.
14. Containerization and Orchestration: Learn how to deploy and manage data engineering workloads using containerization tools like Docker and orchestration platforms like Kubernetes. Understand the benefits of using containers for scaling and maintaining consistency across environments.
15. Monitoring and Logging: Implement logging for data pipelines to ensure they run smoothly and efficiently. Familiarize yourself with tools like Prometheus, Grafana, etc. for real-time monitoring and troubleshooting.
1. ETL Processes: Understand the ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) process, including how to design and implement efficient pipelines to move data from various sources to a data warehouse or data lake. Familiarize yourself with tools like Apache NiFi, Talend, and AWS Glue.
2. Data Warehousing: Know the fundamentals of data warehousing, including the star schema, snowflake schema, and how to design a data warehouse that supports efficient querying and reporting. Learn about popular data warehousing solutions like Amazon Redshift, Google BigQuery, and Snowflake.
3. Data Modeling: Master data modeling concepts, including normalization and denormalization, to design databases that are optimized for both read and write operations. Understand entity-relationship (ER) diagrams and how to use them to model data relationships.
4. Big Data Technologies: Gain expertise in big data frameworks like Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark for processing large datasets. Understand the roles of HDFS, MapReduce, Hive, and Pig in the Hadoop ecosystem, and how Spark’s in-memory processing can accelerate data processing.
5. Data Lakes: Learn about data lakes as a storage solution for raw, unstructured, and semi-structured data. Understand the key differences between data lakes and data warehouses, and how to use tools like Apache Hudi and Delta Lake to manage data lakes efficiently.
6. SQL and NoSQL Databases: Be proficient in SQL for querying and managing relational databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Oracle. Also, understand when and how to use NoSQL databases like MongoDB, Cassandra, and DynamoDB for storing and querying unstructured or semi-structured data.
7. Data Pipelines: Learn how to design, build, and manage data pipelines that automate the flow of data from source systems to target destinations. Familiarize yourself with orchestration tools like Apache Airflow, Luigi, and Prefect for managing complex workflows.
8. APIs and Data Integration: Understand how to integrate data from various APIs and third-party services into your data pipelines. Learn about RESTful APIs, GraphQL, and how to handle data ingestion from external sources securely and efficiently.
9. Data Streaming: Gain knowledge of real-time data processing using streaming technologies like Apache Kafka, Apache Flink, and Amazon Kinesis. Learn how to build systems that can process and analyze data in real time as it flows through the system.
10. Cloud Platforms: Get familiar with cloud-based data engineering services offered by AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud. Understand how to use services like AWS S3, Azure Data Lake, Google Cloud Storage, AWS Redshift, and BigQuery for data storage, processing, and analysis.
11. Data Governance and Security: Learn best practices for data governance, including how to implement data quality checks, lineage tracking, and metadata management. Understand data security concepts like encryption, access control, and GDPR compliance to protect sensitive data.
12. Automation and Scripting: Be proficient in scripting languages like Python, Bash, or PowerShell to automate repetitive tasks, manage data pipelines, and perform ad-hoc data processing.
13. Data Versioning and Lineage: Understand the importance of data versioning and lineage for tracking changes to data over time. Learn how to use tools like Apache Atlas or DataHub for managing metadata and ensuring traceability in your data pipelines.
14. Containerization and Orchestration: Learn how to deploy and manage data engineering workloads using containerization tools like Docker and orchestration platforms like Kubernetes. Understand the benefits of using containers for scaling and maintaining consistency across environments.
15. Monitoring and Logging: Implement logging for data pipelines to ensure they run smoothly and efficiently. Familiarize yourself with tools like Prometheus, Grafana, etc. for real-time monitoring and troubleshooting.
Pyspark Interview Questions!!
Interviewer: "How would you remove duplicates from a large dataset in PySpark?"
Candidate: "To remove duplicates from a large dataset in PySpark, I would follow these steps:
Step 1: Load the dataset into a DataFrame
Step 2: Check for duplicates
Step 3: Partition the data to optimize performance
Step 4: Remove duplicates using the
Step 5: Cache the resulting DataFrame to avoid recomputing
Step 6: Save the cleaned dataset
Interviewer: "That's correct! Can you explain why you partitioned the data in Step 3?"
Candidate: "Yes, partitioning the data helps to distribute the computation across multiple nodes, making the process more efficient and scalable."
Interviewer: "Great answer! Can you also explain why you cached the resulting DataFrame in Step 5?"
Candidate: "Caching the DataFrame avoids recomputing the entire dataset when saving the cleaned data, which can significantly improve performance."
Interviewer: "Excellent! You have demonstrated a clear understanding of optimizing duplicate removal in PySpark."
Interviewer: "How would you remove duplicates from a large dataset in PySpark?"
Candidate: "To remove duplicates from a large dataset in PySpark, I would follow these steps:
Step 1: Load the dataset into a DataFrame
df = spark.read.csv("path/to/data.csv", header=True, inferSchema=True)Step 2: Check for duplicates
duplicate_count = df.count() - df.dropDuplicates().count()
print(f"Number of duplicates: {duplicate_count}")
Step 3: Partition the data to optimize performance
df_repartitioned = df.repartition(100)Step 4: Remove duplicates using the
dropDuplicates() methoddf_no_duplicates = df_repartitioned.dropDuplicates()Step 5: Cache the resulting DataFrame to avoid recomputing
df_no_duplicates.cache()Step 6: Save the cleaned dataset
df_no_duplicates.write.csv("path/to/cleaned/data.csv", header=True)Interviewer: "That's correct! Can you explain why you partitioned the data in Step 3?"
Candidate: "Yes, partitioning the data helps to distribute the computation across multiple nodes, making the process more efficient and scalable."
Interviewer: "Great answer! Can you also explain why you cached the resulting DataFrame in Step 5?"
Candidate: "Caching the DataFrame avoids recomputing the entire dataset when saving the cleaned data, which can significantly improve performance."
Interviewer: "Excellent! You have demonstrated a clear understanding of optimizing duplicate removal in PySpark."
Date: 18-03-2025
Company name: TCS
Role: Data Scientist
01. What is slicing in Python?
Answer- Slicing is used to access parts of sequences like lists, tuples, and strings. The syntax of slicing is-[start:end:step]. The step can be omitted as well. When we write [start:end] this returns all the elements of the sequence from the start (inclusive) till the end-1 element. If the start or end element is negative i, it means the ith element from the end. The step indicates the jump or how many elements have to be skipped.
02. What do you mean by ensemble learning?
Answer- Numerous models, such as classifiers are strategically made and combined to solve a specific computational program which is known as ensemble learning. The ensemble methods are also known as committee-based learning or learning multiple classifier systems. One of the most suitable examples of ensemble modeling is the random forest trees where several decision trees are used to predict outcomes.
03. Why is the KNN Algorithm known as Lazy Learner?
Answer- When the KNN algorithm gets the training data, it does not learn and make a model, it just stores the data. Instead of finding any discriminative function with the help of the training data, it follows instance-based learning and also uses the training data when it actually needs to do some prediction on the unseen datasets. As a result, KNN does not immediately learn a model rather delays the learning thereby being referred to as Lazy Learner.
04. What does this mean: *args, **kwargs in Python? And why would we use it?
Answer- We use *args when we aren’t sure how many arguments are going to be passed to a function, or if we want to pass a stored list or tuple of arguments to a function. **kwargs is used when we don’t know how many keyword arguments will be passed to a function, or it can be used to pass the values of a dictionary as keyword arguments.
————————————————————
Stay Safe & Happy Learning 💙
Company name: TCS
Role: Data Scientist
01. What is slicing in Python?
Answer- Slicing is used to access parts of sequences like lists, tuples, and strings. The syntax of slicing is-[start:end:step]. The step can be omitted as well. When we write [start:end] this returns all the elements of the sequence from the start (inclusive) till the end-1 element. If the start or end element is negative i, it means the ith element from the end. The step indicates the jump or how many elements have to be skipped.
02. What do you mean by ensemble learning?
Answer- Numerous models, such as classifiers are strategically made and combined to solve a specific computational program which is known as ensemble learning. The ensemble methods are also known as committee-based learning or learning multiple classifier systems. One of the most suitable examples of ensemble modeling is the random forest trees where several decision trees are used to predict outcomes.
03. Why is the KNN Algorithm known as Lazy Learner?
Answer- When the KNN algorithm gets the training data, it does not learn and make a model, it just stores the data. Instead of finding any discriminative function with the help of the training data, it follows instance-based learning and also uses the training data when it actually needs to do some prediction on the unseen datasets. As a result, KNN does not immediately learn a model rather delays the learning thereby being referred to as Lazy Learner.
04. What does this mean: *args, **kwargs in Python? And why would we use it?
Answer- We use *args when we aren’t sure how many arguments are going to be passed to a function, or if we want to pass a stored list or tuple of arguments to a function. **kwargs is used when we don’t know how many keyword arguments will be passed to a function, or it can be used to pass the values of a dictionary as keyword arguments.
————————————————————
Stay Safe & Happy Learning 💙
🚀 CI/CD & Deployment Strategies
✅ How do you set up end-to-end CI/CD automation for a microservices application?
✅ What are the key differences between self-hosted CI/CD solutions (e.g., Jenkins) and cloud-managed CI/CD services (e.g., GitHub Actions, GitLab CI/CD)?
✅ How do you implement progressive delivery using feature flags and canary deployments?
✅ What challenges do you face in deploying CI/CD pipelines across multi-cloud environments, and how do you solve them?
🚀 Infrastructure as Code (IaC) & Configuration Management
✅ How do you ensure idempotency in configuration management tools like Ansible or Chef?
✅ What are the best practices for state file management in Terraform?
✅ How do you structure Terraform modules for scalability and reusability?
✅ How would you use Ansible to dynamically configure infrastructure based on cloud metadata?
🚀 GitOps & Source Control
✅ How do you implement drift detection and auto-remediation in a GitOps workflow?
✅ What is the role of Helm vs. Kustomize in Kubernetes GitOps?
✅ How do you secure Git repositories and CI/CD pipelines to prevent supply chain attacks?
✅ Explain how signed commits and commit verification improve security in Git workflows.
🚀 Cloud Security & Compliance
✅ How do you implement Just-in-Time (JIT) access controls in a cloud environment?
✅ What are the differences between IAM roles, policies, and service accounts, and how do you use them effectively?
✅ How do you implement network segmentation and firewall rules in Kubernetes for security hardening?
✅ What security best practices do you follow when running serverless functions (AWS Lambda, Azure Functions, GCP Cloud Run)?
🚀 Scripting & Automation
✅ Write a Bash script to monitor disk usage and send alerts if usage exceeds 80%.
✅ How would you automate the cleanup of unused Docker images and volumes on a Kubernetes cluster?
✅ Explain how to use Python and AWS SDK (Boto3) to automate EC2 instance creation and tagging.
✅ How do you set up scheduled automation jobs in Kubernetes using CronJobs?
This interview round tested a deep understanding of automation, cloud infrastructure, CI/CD pipelines, and security best practices.
✅ How do you set up end-to-end CI/CD automation for a microservices application?
✅ What are the key differences between self-hosted CI/CD solutions (e.g., Jenkins) and cloud-managed CI/CD services (e.g., GitHub Actions, GitLab CI/CD)?
✅ How do you implement progressive delivery using feature flags and canary deployments?
✅ What challenges do you face in deploying CI/CD pipelines across multi-cloud environments, and how do you solve them?
🚀 Infrastructure as Code (IaC) & Configuration Management
✅ How do you ensure idempotency in configuration management tools like Ansible or Chef?
✅ What are the best practices for state file management in Terraform?
✅ How do you structure Terraform modules for scalability and reusability?
✅ How would you use Ansible to dynamically configure infrastructure based on cloud metadata?
🚀 GitOps & Source Control
✅ How do you implement drift detection and auto-remediation in a GitOps workflow?
✅ What is the role of Helm vs. Kustomize in Kubernetes GitOps?
✅ How do you secure Git repositories and CI/CD pipelines to prevent supply chain attacks?
✅ Explain how signed commits and commit verification improve security in Git workflows.
🚀 Cloud Security & Compliance
✅ How do you implement Just-in-Time (JIT) access controls in a cloud environment?
✅ What are the differences between IAM roles, policies, and service accounts, and how do you use them effectively?
✅ How do you implement network segmentation and firewall rules in Kubernetes for security hardening?
✅ What security best practices do you follow when running serverless functions (AWS Lambda, Azure Functions, GCP Cloud Run)?
🚀 Scripting & Automation
✅ Write a Bash script to monitor disk usage and send alerts if usage exceeds 80%.
✅ How would you automate the cleanup of unused Docker images and volumes on a Kubernetes cluster?
✅ Explain how to use Python and AWS SDK (Boto3) to automate EC2 instance creation and tagging.
✅ How do you set up scheduled automation jobs in Kubernetes using CronJobs?
This interview round tested a deep understanding of automation, cloud infrastructure, CI/CD pipelines, and security best practices.
👍1
Date: 02-04-2025
Company name: Accenture
Role: Data Scientist
01. What is a UNIQUE constraint?
Answer- The UNIQUE Constraint prevents identical values in a column from appearing in two records. The UNIQUE constraint guarantees that every value in a column is unique.
02.What is schema in SQL Server?
Answer- A schema is a visual representation of the database that is logical. It builds and specifies the relationships among the database’s numerous entities. It refers to the several kinds of constraints that may be applied to a database. It also describes the various data kinds. It may also be used on Tables and Views. Schemas come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Star schema and Snowflake schema are two of the most popular. The entities in a star schema are represented in a star form, whereas those in a snowflake schema are shown in a snowflake shape. Any database architecture is built on the foundation of schemas.
03. What constraints come under the primary key constraint?
Answer- The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in a table. Primary keys must contain UNIQUE values, and cannot contain NULL values. A table can have only ONE primary key; and in the table, this primary key can consist of single or multiple columns (fields). Hence the unique constraint and the not null constraint come under the primary key by default.
04. Explain Grant and Revoke in SQL.
Answer- SQL Grant command is specifically used to provide privileges to database objects for a user. This command also allows users to grant permissions to other users too. Revoke command withdraw user privileges on database objects if any granted. It does operations opposite to the Grant command. When a privilege is revoked from a particular user U, then the privileges granted to all other users by user U will be revoked.
————————————————————
Stay Safe & Happy Learning 💙
Company name: Accenture
Role: Data Scientist
01. What is a UNIQUE constraint?
Answer- The UNIQUE Constraint prevents identical values in a column from appearing in two records. The UNIQUE constraint guarantees that every value in a column is unique.
02.What is schema in SQL Server?
Answer- A schema is a visual representation of the database that is logical. It builds and specifies the relationships among the database’s numerous entities. It refers to the several kinds of constraints that may be applied to a database. It also describes the various data kinds. It may also be used on Tables and Views. Schemas come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Star schema and Snowflake schema are two of the most popular. The entities in a star schema are represented in a star form, whereas those in a snowflake schema are shown in a snowflake shape. Any database architecture is built on the foundation of schemas.
03. What constraints come under the primary key constraint?
Answer- The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in a table. Primary keys must contain UNIQUE values, and cannot contain NULL values. A table can have only ONE primary key; and in the table, this primary key can consist of single or multiple columns (fields). Hence the unique constraint and the not null constraint come under the primary key by default.
04. Explain Grant and Revoke in SQL.
Answer- SQL Grant command is specifically used to provide privileges to database objects for a user. This command also allows users to grant permissions to other users too. Revoke command withdraw user privileges on database objects if any granted. It does operations opposite to the Grant command. When a privilege is revoked from a particular user U, then the privileges granted to all other users by user U will be revoked.
————————————————————
Stay Safe & Happy Learning 💙
SNOWFLAKES AND DATABRICKS
Snowflake and Databricks are leading cloud data platforms, but how do you choose the right one for your needs?
🌐 𝐒𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐤𝐞
❄️ 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞: Snowflake operates as a cloud-native data warehouse-as-a-service, streamlining data storage and management without the need for complex infrastructure setup.
❄️ 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡𝐬: It provides robust ELT (Extract, Load, Transform) capabilities primarily through its COPY command, enabling efficient data loading.
❄️ Snowflake offers dedicated schema and file object definitions, enhancing data organization and accessibility.
❄️ 𝐅𝐥𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲: One of its standout features is the ability to create multiple independent compute clusters that can operate on a single data copy. This flexibility allows for enhanced resource allocation based on varying workloads.
❄️ 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠: While Snowflake primarily adopts an ELT approach, it seamlessly integrates with popular third-party ETL tools such as Fivetran, Talend, and supports DBT installation. This integration makes it a versatile choice for organizations looking to leverage existing tools.
🌐 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐬
❄️ 𝐂𝐨𝐫𝐞: Databricks is fundamentally built around processing power, with native support for Apache Spark, making it an exceptional platform for ETL tasks. This integration allows users to perform complex data transformations efficiently.
❄️ 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞: It utilizes a 'data lakehouse' architecture, which combines the features of a data lake with the ability to run SQL queries. This model is gaining traction as organizations seek to leverage both structured and unstructured data in a unified framework.
🌐 𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐚𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬
❄️ 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐭 𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐬: Both Snowflake and Databricks excel in their respective areas, addressing different data management requirements.
❄️ 𝐒𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐤𝐞’𝐬 𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞: If you are equipped with established ETL tools like Fivetran, Talend, or Tibco, Snowflake could be the perfect choice. It efficiently manages the complexities of database infrastructure, including partitioning, scalability, and indexing.
❄️ 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐱 𝐋𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐬: Conversely, if your organization deals with a complex data landscape characterized by unpredictable sources and schemas, Databricks—with its schema-on-read technique—may be more advantageous.
🌐 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Ultimately, the decision between Snowflake and Databricks should align with your specific data needs and organizational goals. Both platforms have established their niches, and understanding their strengths will guide you in selecting the right tool for your data strategy.
Snowflake and Databricks are leading cloud data platforms, but how do you choose the right one for your needs?
🌐 𝐒𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐤𝐞
❄️ 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞: Snowflake operates as a cloud-native data warehouse-as-a-service, streamlining data storage and management without the need for complex infrastructure setup.
❄️ 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡𝐬: It provides robust ELT (Extract, Load, Transform) capabilities primarily through its COPY command, enabling efficient data loading.
❄️ Snowflake offers dedicated schema and file object definitions, enhancing data organization and accessibility.
❄️ 𝐅𝐥𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲: One of its standout features is the ability to create multiple independent compute clusters that can operate on a single data copy. This flexibility allows for enhanced resource allocation based on varying workloads.
❄️ 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠: While Snowflake primarily adopts an ELT approach, it seamlessly integrates with popular third-party ETL tools such as Fivetran, Talend, and supports DBT installation. This integration makes it a versatile choice for organizations looking to leverage existing tools.
🌐 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐬
❄️ 𝐂𝐨𝐫𝐞: Databricks is fundamentally built around processing power, with native support for Apache Spark, making it an exceptional platform for ETL tasks. This integration allows users to perform complex data transformations efficiently.
❄️ 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞: It utilizes a 'data lakehouse' architecture, which combines the features of a data lake with the ability to run SQL queries. This model is gaining traction as organizations seek to leverage both structured and unstructured data in a unified framework.
🌐 𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐚𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬
❄️ 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐭 𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐬: Both Snowflake and Databricks excel in their respective areas, addressing different data management requirements.
❄️ 𝐒𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐤𝐞’𝐬 𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞: If you are equipped with established ETL tools like Fivetran, Talend, or Tibco, Snowflake could be the perfect choice. It efficiently manages the complexities of database infrastructure, including partitioning, scalability, and indexing.
❄️ 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐱 𝐋𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐬: Conversely, if your organization deals with a complex data landscape characterized by unpredictable sources and schemas, Databricks—with its schema-on-read technique—may be more advantageous.
🌐 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Ultimately, the decision between Snowflake and Databricks should align with your specific data needs and organizational goals. Both platforms have established their niches, and understanding their strengths will guide you in selecting the right tool for your data strategy.
Most asked Python interview questions for Data Engineer jobs with answers!
𝟭. 𝗘𝘅𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗯𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗹𝗶𝘀𝘁𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝘂𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗣𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗻.
Lists are mutable, meaning their elements can be changed but Tuples are immutable.
𝟮. 𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗮 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗽𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗮𝘀?
A DataFrame is a 2-dimensional labelled data structure, similar to a spreadsheet.
𝟯. 𝗥𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗱𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗮 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗶𝗻 𝗣𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗻
def reverse_words(s: str) -> str:
words = s.split()
reversed_words = reversed(words)
return ' '.join(reversed_words)
𝟰. 𝗪𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗲 𝗮 𝗣𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗻 𝗳𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗻𝘂𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝘃𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗹𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗮 𝗴𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗻 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴?
def count_vowels(string: str) -> int:
vowels = "aeiouAEIOU"
vowel_count = 0
for char in string:
if char in vowels:
vowel_count += 1
return vowel_count
I’ve listed 4 but there are many questions you’d need to prepare to succeed in interviews.
All the best 👍👍
𝟭. 𝗘𝘅𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗯𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗹𝗶𝘀𝘁𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝘂𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗣𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗻.
Lists are mutable, meaning their elements can be changed but Tuples are immutable.
𝟮. 𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗮 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗽𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗮𝘀?
A DataFrame is a 2-dimensional labelled data structure, similar to a spreadsheet.
𝟯. 𝗥𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗱𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗮 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗶𝗻 𝗣𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗻
def reverse_words(s: str) -> str:
words = s.split()
reversed_words = reversed(words)
return ' '.join(reversed_words)
𝟰. 𝗪𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗲 𝗮 𝗣𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗻 𝗳𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗻𝘂𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝘃𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗹𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗮 𝗴𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗻 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴?
def count_vowels(string: str) -> int:
vowels = "aeiouAEIOU"
vowel_count = 0
for char in string:
if char in vowels:
vowel_count += 1
return vowel_count
I’ve listed 4 but there are many questions you’d need to prepare to succeed in interviews.
All the best 👍👍