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Top 10 JavaScript Interview Questions

1. What is JavaScript and what are its key features?
JavaScript is a high-level, interpreted programming language primarily used for web development. Its key features include being event-driven, prototype-based, dynamically typed, and having first-class functions. It supports functional, object-oriented, and imperative programming styles.

2. What are the differences between JavaScript and Java?
JavaScript is an interpreted language, primarily used for web development to create interactive effects within web browsers. Java, on the other hand, is a compiled, statically-typed programming language used for building applications that run on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). JavaScript is dynamically typed, whereas Java requires explicit declaration of variable types.

3. Explain the difference between let, var, and const in JavaScript.
- var is function-scoped and can be redeclared and updated.
- let is block-scoped and can be updated but not redeclared within the same scope.
- const is block-scoped and cannot be updated or redeclared, but the properties of objects declared with const can be modified.

4. What is a closure in JavaScript?
A closure is a function that retains access to its lexical scope, even when the function is executed outside that scope. This allows the function to access variables from its defining scope even after that scope has finished executing.

5. How do you handle asynchronous operations in JavaScript?
Asynchronous operations in JavaScript can be handled using callbacks, Promises, or async/await. Callbacks are functions passed as arguments to other functions, Promises represent eventual completion or failure of an asynchronous operation, and async/await allows writing asynchronous code that looks synchronous.

6. What is the Document Object Model (DOM) and how do you manipulate it using JavaScript?
The DOM is a programming interface for HTML and XML documents, representing the structure of a document as a tree of objects. JavaScript can manipulate the DOM using methods like getElementById(), querySelector(), createElement(), and properties like innerHTML and style.

7. Explain the difference between == and === in JavaScript.
The == operator performs type coercion, meaning it converts the operands to the same type before comparing them. The === operator, on the other hand, does not perform type coercion and compares both value and type directly.

8. What is the event loop in JavaScript?
The event loop is a mechanism that allows JavaScript to perform non-blocking, asynchronous operations. It continuously checks the call stack and the message queue. If the call stack is empty, it takes the first event from the message queue and pushes it to the call stack, allowing asynchronous callbacks to be executed.

9. How do you create and use a JavaScript module?
JavaScript modules can be created using the export keyword to export functions, objects, or primitives from a file, and the import keyword to import them into another file. This promotes modular code and reuse of functionality across different parts of an application.

10. How do you handle errors in JavaScript?
Errors in JavaScript can be handled using try-catch blocks. The code that may throw an error is placed in the try block, and any exceptions are caught and handled in the catch block. Additionally, a finally block can be used to execute code regardless of whether an exception occurs.

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Top 10 SQL Interview Questions

1. What is SQL and what are its key features?
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language for managing and manipulating relational databases. Its key features include data querying, data manipulation (inserting, updating, deleting), data definition (creating and altering tables), and data control (granting and revoking permissions).

2. What are the differences between SQL and NoSQL databases?
SQL databases are relational, table-based databases with a predefined schema, ideal for structured data and complex queries. NoSQL databases are non-relational, can be document-based, key-value pairs, wide-column stores, or graph databases, and are suitable for unstructured data and flexible schema requirements.

3. Explain the difference between a primary key and a foreign key.
A primary key is a unique identifier for a record in a table, ensuring that no two rows have the same primary key value. A foreign key is a field (or a collection of fields) in one table that uniquely identifies a row in another table, establishing a relationship between the two tables.

4. What are SQL joins and what are the different types?
SQL joins are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column. The different types of joins include:
- INNER JOIN: Returns records with matching values in both tables.
- LEFT JOIN: Returns all records from the left table and matched records from the right table.
- RIGHT JOIN: Returns all records from the right table and matched records from the left table.
- FULL JOIN: Returns all records when there is a match in either left or right table.

5. How do you use the GROUP BY clause in SQL?
The GROUP BY clause is used to group rows that have the same values in specified columns into summary rows. It is often used with aggregate functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN) to perform operations on each group of rows.

6. What is a subquery and how is it used in SQL?
A subquery is a query nested within another query. It can be used in SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statements to perform operations based on the results of the subquery. Subqueries can return individual values or sets of rows.

7. Explain the difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE in SQL.
DELETE removes specific rows from a table based on a condition and can be rolled back. TRUNCATE removes all rows from a table, is faster, uses fewer resources, and cannot be rolled back (in most RDBMS).

8. What is a SQL View and how do you create one?
A view is a virtual table based on the result set of a SELECT query. It allows users to simplify complex queries, encapsulate logic, and secure data. A view is created using the CREATE VIEW statement:

CREATE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

9. How do you optimize SQL queries for better performance?
SQL query optimization can be achieved through several methods, including:
- Using proper indexing.
- Avoiding unnecessary columns in SELECT statements.
- Using joins instead of subqueries where appropriate.
- Analyzing and rewriting complex queries for efficiency.
- Ensuring statistics are up-to-date.

10. What is a stored procedure and how do you create one in SQL?
A stored procedure is a set of SQL statements that can be executed as a single unit. It is used to encapsulate repetitive tasks, improve performance, and enhance security. A stored procedure is created using the CREATE PROCEDURE statement:

CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_name
AS
BEGIN
    -- SQL statements
END;

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Top 10 HTML Interview Questions

1. What is HTML and what are its key features?
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard language for creating web pages. Its key features include the use of tags to structure content, support for multimedia elements (like images, audio, and video), forms for user input, and the ability to link to other web pages via hyperlinks.

2. What is the difference between HTML and XHTML?
HTML is more flexible with syntax rules and is not case-sensitive, while XHTML (Extensible HyperText Markup Language) is stricter, requiring elements to be properly nested, closed, and in lowercase. XHTML is an XML-based language, ensuring a more consistent and well-formed document structure.

3. What are semantic HTML elements and why are they important?
Semantic HTML elements clearly describe their meaning in a human- and machine-readable way. Examples include <header>, <footer>, <article>, and <section>. They improve accessibility, SEO, and code readability by providing meaningful structure to the content.

4. How do you create a hyperlink in HTML?
A hyperlink is created using the <a> (anchor) tag with the href attribute specifying the URL of the link. For example:

<a href="https://www.example.com">Visit Example</a>

5. What are HTML forms and how do you create one?
HTML forms are used to collect user input and are created using the <form> tag. Forms contain various input elements like text fields, radio buttons, checkboxes, and submit buttons. For example:

<form action="/submit" method="post">
  <input type="text" name="username">
  <input type="password" name="password">
  <input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

6. Explain the difference between the <div> and <span> tags.
The <div> tag is a block-level element used to group larger sections of content, creating distinct blocks. The <span> tag is an inline element used to group small portions of text or other inline elements. <div> typically affects the layout by creating line breaks, while <span> does not.

7. What is the purpose of the <meta> tag in HTML?
The <meta> tag provides metadata about the HTML document, such as character encoding, viewport settings for responsive design, and SEO-related information like descriptions and keywords. Meta tags are placed within the <head> section of the HTML document.

8. How do you include an image in an HTML page?
An image is included using the <img> tag with the src attribute specifying the path to the image file and the alt attribute providing alternative text for accessibility. For example:

<img src="image.jpg" alt="Description of image">

9. What is the difference between inline, inline-block, and block elements in HTML?
- Inline elements (e.g., <span>, <a>) do not start on a new line and only take up as much width as necessary.
- Block elements (e.g., <div>, <p>) start on a new line and take up the full width available.
- Inline-block elements (e.g., <img>) are similar to inline elements but allow setting width and height, behaving like a combination of inline and block elements.

10. How do you embed a video in an HTML page?
A video is embedded using the <video> tag with the src attribute specifying the video file. You can include optional attributes like controls for playback controls and autoplay to start playing the video automatically. For example:

<video src="video.mp4" controls>
  Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>

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Top 10 Java Interview Questions

1. What is Java and what are its key features?
Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. Its key features include platform independence (write once, run anywhere), object-oriented, robustness, security, multithreading, and high performance through Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler.

2. Explain the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM.
- JDK (Java Development Kit): A full-featured software development kit required to develop Java applications, including JRE and development tools like the compiler and debugger.
- JRE (Java Runtime Environment): A set of software tools for running Java applications, including JVM and libraries but no development tools.
- JVM (Java Virtual Machine): An abstract machine that provides a runtime environment to execute Java bytecode, making Java platform-independent.

3. What is the difference between an abstract class and an interface in Java?
- Abstract Class: Can have both abstract methods (without implementation) and concrete methods (with implementation). It can have state (instance variables).
- Interface: Can only have abstract methods (Java 8 allows default and static methods). It cannot have state. An interface is implemented by classes.

4. Explain the concept of inheritance in Java.
Inheritance is a mechanism in Java where one class (subclass/child class) inherits the fields and methods of another class (superclass/parent class). It promotes code reusability and establishes a parent-child relationship between classes. Inheritance is implemented using the extends keyword.

5. What is polymorphism in Java and how is it implemented?
Polymorphism allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class rather than their actual class. It can be implemented in two ways:
- Compile-time polymorphism: Achieved through method overloading.
- Runtime polymorphism: Achieved through method overriding.

6. How does exception handling work in Java?
Exception handling in Java is managed using try, catch, finally, and throw/throws. The try block contains code that might throw an exception, catch block handles the exception, finally block executes code regardless of whether an exception occurs, and throw/throws is used to throw exceptions.

7. What is the difference between ArrayList and LinkedList in Java?
- ArrayList: Implements the List interface using a dynamic array. It offers constant-time positional access but is slow for inserting or deleting elements from the middle.
- LinkedList: Implements the List and Deque interfaces using a doubly-linked list. It offers faster insertions and deletions but slower positional access compared to ArrayList.

8. Explain the concept of multithreading in Java.
Multithreading is a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously to maximize CPU utilization. Threads are lightweight sub-processes, and Java provides built-in support for multithreading through the java.lang.Thread class and the java.util.concurrent package.

9. What is the purpose of the final keyword in Java?
The final keyword is used to define constants, prevent method overriding, and inheritance. When applied to a variable, it makes it a constant. When applied to a method, it prevents subclasses from overriding it. When applied to a class, it prevents the class from being subclassed.

10. What is garbage collection in Java and how does it work?
Garbage collection is an automatic memory management feature in Java that deallocates memory occupied by objects that are no longer in use, preventing memory leaks. The JVM’s garbage collector identifies and removes these objects. Java developers can request garbage collection using System.gc(), but it is not guaranteed to run immediately.

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Study these 45 problems well and you have prepared for 99% of your System Design Interview:

𝐄𝐚𝐬𝐲
1. Design URL Shortener like TinyURL
2. Design Text Storage Service like Pastebin
3. Design Content Delivery Network (CDN)
4. Design Parking Garage
5. Design Vending Machine
6. Design Distributed Key-Value Store
7. Design Distributed Cache
8. Design Distributed Job Scheduler
9. Design Authentication System
10. Design Unified Payments Interface (UPI)

𝐌𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦
11. Design Instagram
12. Design Tinder
13. Design WhatsApp
14. Design Facebook
15. Design Twitter
16. Design Reddit
17. Design Netflix
18. Design Youtube
19. Design Google Search
20. Design E-commerce Store like Amazon
21. Design Spotify
22. Design TikTok
23. Design Shopify
24. Design Airbnb
25. Design Autocomplete for Search Engines
26. Design Rate Limiter
27. Design Distributed Message Queue like Kafka
28. Design Flight Booking System
29. Design Online Code Editor
30. Design Stock Exchange System
31. Design an Analytics Platform (Metrics & Logging)
32. Design Notification Service
33. Design Payment System

𝐇𝐚𝐫𝐝
34. Design Location Based Service like Yelp
35. Design Uber
36. Design Food Delivery App like Doordash
37. Design Google Docs
38. Design Google Maps
39. Design Zoom
40. Design File Sharing System like Dropbox
41. Design Ticket Booking System like BookMyShow
42. Design Distributed Web Crawler
43. Design Code Deployment System
44. Design Distributed Cloud Storage like S3
45. Design Distributed Locking Service

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Facing challenges while solving coding questions ? 🤔

Here are 20 essential coding patterns you need to know:

1. ✌️ Two Pointers

2. 🏝️ Island (Matrix Traversal)

3. ⏩ Fast & Slow Pointers

4. 🚶‍♂️ Sliding Window

5. 📅 Merge Intervals

6. 🔄 Cyclic Sort

7. 🔙 In-place Reversal of a Linked List

8. 🌳 Tree Breadth First Search

9. 🌲 Tree Depth First Search

10. ⚖️ Two Heaps

11. 🌈 Subsets

12. 🔍 Modified Binary Search

13. 🏆 Top ‘K’ Elements

14. ❌⭕ Bitwise XOR

15. 🔄 Backtracking

16. 🎒 0/1 Knapsack (Dynamic Programming)

17. 🔗 Topological Sort (Graph)

18. 🧩 K-way Merge

19. 📏 Monotonic Stack

20. 🤹‍♂️ Multi-threaded

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Tips for solving leetcode codings interview problems

If input array is sorted then
- Binary search
- Two pointers

If asked for all permutations/subsets then
- Backtracking

If given a tree then
- DFS
- BFS

If given a graph then
- DFS
- BFS

If given a linked list then
- Two pointers

If recursion is banned then
- Stack

If must solve in-place then
- Swap corresponding values
- Store one or more different values in the same pointer

If asked for maximum/minimum subarray/subset/options then
- Dynamic programming

If asked for top/least K items then
- Heap

If asked for common strings then
- Map
- Trie

Else
- Map/Set for O(1) time & O(n) space
- Sort input for O(nlogn) time and O(1) space

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DSA is really tough, but you don't seem to struggle?🤨

I get this question a lot.

Here are some of the hardest questions you might face in an interview.

Practice these using the 𝟯-𝟳-𝟭𝟱 𝗿𝘂𝗹𝗲:

First solve the question, then note down the answer. After three days, try to remember the question from the answer and solve it again.

Repeat the same after 7 and 15 days.

This way, you'll solve the same question 4 times in 15 days, making it easier if you encounter it again.

𝟭. 𝗔𝗿𝗿𝗮𝘆𝘀 & 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀
- Minimum Window Substring
- Trapping Rain Water
- Largest Rectangle in Histogram

𝟮. 𝗟𝗶𝗻𝗸𝗲𝗱 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁𝘀
- Merge k Sorted Lists
- Reverse Nodes in k-Group
- LFU Cache

𝟯. 𝗧𝗿𝗲𝗲𝘀
- Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum
- Serialize and Deserialize Binary Tree
- Vertical Order Traversal of a Binary Tree

𝟰. 𝗗𝘆𝗻𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗴
- Edit Distance
- Burst Balloons
- Shortest Common Supersequence

𝟱. 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵𝘀
- Alien Dictionary
- Minimum Cost to Make at Least One Valid Path in a Grid
- Swim in Rising Water

𝟲. 𝗥𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗿𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 & 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗸𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴
- N-Queens II
- Sudoku Solver
- Word Search II

𝟳. 𝗦𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 & 𝗦𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴
- Count of Smaller Numbers After Self
- Median of Two Sorted Arrays
- Split Array Largest Sum

𝟴. 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗻
- Design Search Autocomplete System
- Design In-Memory File System
- Design Excel Sum Formula

𝟵. 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗱𝘆
- Minimum Number of Arrows to Burst Balloons
- Candy
- Patching Array

𝟭𝟬. 𝗕𝗶𝘁 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗽𝘂𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
- Maximum Product of Word Lengths
- Smallest Sufficient Team
- Minimum Cost to Connect Two Groups of Points

𝟭𝟭. 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗣𝗼𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀
- Minimum Window Subsequence
- Minimum Operations to Make a Subsequence
- Minimum Adjacent Swaps to Reach the Kth Smallest Number

𝟭𝟮. 𝗛𝗲𝗮𝗽
- Minimum Number of Refueling Stops
- Sliding Window Median
- Minimum Number of K Consecutive Bit Flips

By following the 3-7-15 rule and practicing these tough questions regularly, you'll build strong problem-solving skills and be well-prepared for your interviews.

Keep pushing yourself, and remember, consistency is key.

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System design interviews will never crack until you know this hack !

If you’re a working professional targeting for senior roles at PBCs then


Here's a simple approach to crack it:

𝗔𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗲: Stay playful and collaborative.

𝗦𝗰𝗼𝗽𝗲: Ask targeted questions to narrow down the scope.

𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗻𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀: Understand and use the main infrastructure components like LEGO pieces.


Here's a quick overview of the 10 main elements to consider during a system design interview. What you discuss will depend on your prompt.

𝟭. 𝗙𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 - Start with the main features of the system. For example, if asked to design Twitter, list its key features. This helps ensure you're aligned with the interviewer.

𝟮. 𝗨𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘀 - Consider the types of users, usage patterns, and growth rates. Identify peak times and regions.

𝟯. 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗹 - Decide between relational and NoSQL databases based on your use case. Plan your tables, indexing, and replication strategies.

𝟰. 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵𝘆 & 𝗟𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆 - Reduce latency with servers in different regions. Use CDNs to serve content faster.

𝟱. 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗮𝗽𝗮𝗰𝗶𝘁𝘆 - Determine CPU, RAM, and storage needs. Plan for vertical and horizontal scaling.

𝟲. 𝗔𝗣𝗜𝘀 & 𝗦𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆 - Choose between REST, GraphQL, or gRPC for your APIs. Address security concerns and implement rate limiting.

𝟳. 𝗔𝘃𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 / 𝗠𝗶𝗰𝗿𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲𝘀 - Ensure high availability with redundancies and fault tolerance. Use tools like Kubernetes if needed.

𝟴. 𝗖𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴 - Speed up reads with caching at various layers. Use appropriate eviction policies.

𝟵. 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘅𝗶𝗲𝘀 - Use load balancers and reverse proxies for better availability and security.

𝟭𝟬. 𝗠𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗴 - Choose the right messaging protocols (TCP/UDP) and tools (Kafka, RabbitMQ) based on your needs.

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Java practice set

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Software Developers => Let's understand, 𝐑𝐚𝐛𝐛𝐢𝐭𝐌𝐐 (Give it a read 👇)

RabbitMQ =>born in 2007 => a joint venture between LShift and CohesiveFT, aimed to provide an open-source, reliable message broker implementing the AMQP standard.

RabbitMQ is written in Erlang.

It is -

◾ an open-source message broker software that implements the Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP).

** AMQP => a binary protocol, meaning it encodes data in a compact binary format for efficient transmission over networks.

◾ a robust intermediary between different applications or components of a system, facilitating the exchange of messages in a reliable and scalable manner.

◾ known for its fault tolerance, concurrency and distributed systems capabilities.

◾ operating primarily on a 𝐩𝐮𝐬𝐡-𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐥 for message delivery

📌 𝐂𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬
[1.] Producer
◾ An application that creates and sends messages to RabbitMQ.

[2.] Consumer
An application that receives messages from RabbitMQ.

[3.] Queue
◾ A named buffer where messages are stored.

[4.] Exchange
◾ The component that receives messages from producers and routes them to the appropriate queues based on specific rules.
◾ The heart of an exchange is its routing algorithm, which determines how messages are directed to queues.

Main exchange types -
◾ Direct - Matches the routing key of the message exactly with the binding key of a queue.
◾ Fanout - Broadcasts the message to all queues bound to the exchange.
◾ Topic - Uses wildcards (* and #) to match routing keys to binding keys.

[5.] Binding
A link between a queue and an exchange, specifying the routing criteria for messages.

📌 𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐈𝐭 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐬 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲?
1. The producer connects to RabbitMQ and publishes a message to an exchange.
2. The message includes routing information (e.g. => a routing key).
3. The exchange receives the message and examines the routing key.
4. Based on its configuration and bindings, the exchange determines which queues should receive the message.
5. The message is delivered to the designated queues, where it waits to be consumed.
6. Consumers connect to RabbitMQ and subscribe to specific queues.
7. When a message becomes available in the queue, RabbitMQ delivers it to one of the subscribed consumers.
8. After a consumer processes a message, it sends an acknowledgment to RabbitMQ, confirming that the message was successfully received and processed.
9. If no acknowledgment is received within a specified time, RabbitMQ can redeliver the message to another consumer.

📌 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥
1. RabbitMQ uses credit-based flow control to prevent consumers from being overwhelmed with messages.
2. Consumers request a certain number of messages (credit) from the broker, and the broker delivers messages up to that limit.
3. When the consumer acknowledges a message, it receives additional credit, allowing the broker to send more messages.

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Commonly asked System Design CONCEPT BASED interview topics -

1. Horizontal vs Vertical Partitioning
2. Apache Kafka
3. Rate Limiter
4. JWT vs OAuth vs SAML
5. Single Sign-On (SSO)
6. Microservices vs Monolithic Architecture
7. Reverse Proxy vs Forward Proxy
8. CAP Theorem
9. Global Scale System Design
10. Efficient Caching Strategy

To learn these topics in detail go through the post:

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𝗚𝗶𝘁 𝗘𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹𝘀: 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝘀𝗵𝗲𝗲𝘁 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗺𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗹 👨💻


Whether you're a seasoned developer or just starting out, Git is an essential tool for seamless collaboration and efficient workflows. Here's a quick recap of the most common Git commands to keep you on track:

✨𝗚𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗲𝗱:
git init: Initializes a new Git repository.
git clone <repo_url>: Clones an existing repository to your local machine.

📄𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝘀:
git status: Checks the status of files in your working directory.
git add <file> or git add .: Stages files for commit.

✅𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸:
git commit -m "message": Commits staged changes with a descriptive message.

🔀𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗴:
git branch: Lists existing branches.
git branch <new_branch>: Creates a new branch.
git checkout <branch>: Switches to a different branch.
git merge <branch>: Merges changes from one branch into another.
git checkout -b <new_branch>: Creates and switches to a new branch.

👨💻𝗥𝗲𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗮𝗯𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻:
git remote -v: Lists remote repositories.
git fetch origin <branch>: Fetches changes from a remote branch.
git merge origin/<branch>: Merges fetched changes into the current branch.
git push origin <branch>: Pushes local changes to a remote branch.

🔎𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗛𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆:
git log: Shows a list of commits.
git log --oneline: Displays a condensed commit history.

⏪𝗨𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗸𝗲𝘀:
git revert <commit>: Reverses a specific commit.
git reset --hard HEAD: Resets the working directory to the last commit (use with caution!).

𝗧𝗮𝗴𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗲𝘀:
git tag: Lists existing tags.
git tag -a v1.0 -m "tag": Creates a new tag for a specific commit.

⚙𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗳𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻:
git config --global user. name "name": Sets your global Git username.
git config --global user. email "email": Sets your global Git email.

Is DSA important for interviews?

Yes, DSA (Data Structures and Algorithms) is very important for interviews, especially for software engineering roles.

I often get asked, What do I need to start learning DSA?

Here's the roadmap for getting started with Data Structures and Algorithms (DSA):

𝗣𝗵𝗮𝘀𝗲 𝟭: 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘀
1. Introduction to DSA
- Understand what DSA is and why it's important.
- Overview of complexity analysis (Big O notation).

2. Complexity Analysis
- Time Complexity
- Space Complexity

3. Basic Data Structures
- Arrays
- Linked Lists
- Stacks
- Queues

4. Basic Algorithms
- Sorting (Bubble Sort, Selection Sort, Insertion Sort)
- Searching (Linear Search, Binary Search)

5. OOP (Object-Oriented Programming)

𝗣𝗵𝗮𝘀𝗲 𝟮: 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗱𝗶𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗽𝘁𝘀
1. Two Pointers Technique
- Introduction and basic usage
- Problems: Pair Sum, Triplets, Sorted Array Intersection etc..

2. Sliding Window Technique
- Introduction and basic usage
- Problems: Maximum Sum Subarray, Longest Substring with K Distinct Characters, Minimum Window Substring etc..

3. Line Sweep Algorithms
- Introduction and basic usage
- Problems: Meeting Rooms II, Skyline Problem

4. Recursion

5. Backtracking

6. Sorting Algorithms
- Merge Sort
- Quick Sort

7. Data Structures
- Hash Tables
- Trees (Binary Trees, Binary Search Trees)
- Heaps

𝗣𝗵𝗮𝘀𝗲 𝟯: 𝗔𝗱𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗽𝘁𝘀
1. Graph Algorithms
- Graph Representation (Adjacency List, Adjacency Matrix)
- BFS (Breadth-First Search)
- DFS (Depth-First Search)
- Shortest Path Algorithms (Dijkstra's, Bellman-Ford)
- Minimum Spanning Tree (Kruskal's, Prim's)

2. Dynamic Programming
- Basic Problems (Fibonacci, Knapsack etc..)
- Advanced Problems (Longest Increasing Subsea mice, Matrix Chain Subsequence, Multiplication etc..)

3. Advanced Trees
- AVL Trees
- Red-Black Trees
- Segment Trees
- Trie

𝗣𝗵𝗮𝘀𝗲 𝟰: 𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
1. Competitive Programming Platforms: LeetCode, Codeforces, HackerRank, CodeChef Solve problems daily

2. Mock Interviews
- Participate in mock interviews to simulate real interview scenarios.
- DSA interviews assess your ability to break down complex problems into smaller steps.

Best DSA RESOURCES: https://topmate.io/coding/886874

All the best 👍👍