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_Operating System RoadMap
|
|-- Kernel
| |-- Memory Management
| | |-- Paging
| | |-- Segmentation
| | |-- Virtual Memory
| |
| |-- Process Management
| | |-- Process Scheduling
| | |-- Inter-Process Communication (IPC)
| | |-- Threads
| |
| |-- File System
| | |-- File I/O
| | |-- Directory Structure
| | |-- File Permissions
| |
| |-- Device Drivers
| | |-- Communication with Hardware
| | |-- Input/Output (I/O)
| |
| |-- System Calls
| |-- Interface to Kernel Functionality
| |-- Examples: open(), read(), write(), etc.
|
|-- Memory Management
| |-- RAM
| | |-- Stack
| | |-- Heap
| | |-- Data Segment
| | |-- Code Segment
| |
| |-- Cache
| | |-- L1, L2, L3 Caches
| |
| |-- Virtual Memory
| |-- Page Table
| |-- Page Replacement Algorithms
| |-- Swapping
|
|-- File System
| |-- File Organization
| |-- File Allocation Table (FAT)
| |-- Inodes
| |-- File Access Methods
|
|-- Networking
| |-- TCP/IP
| |-- Protocols
| |-- Network Stack
| |-- Routing
| |-- Firewalls
|
|-- Security
| |-- Authentication
| |-- Authorization
| |-- Encryption
| |-- Access Control Lists (ACL)
|
|-- Process Management
| |-- PCB (Process Control Block)
| |-- Context Switching
| |-- Deadlocks
| |-- Synchronization
| |-- Mutual Exclusion
|
|-- Device Management
| |-- I/O Buffering
| |-- Device Controllers
| |-- Interrupt Handling
| |-- DMA (Direct Memory Access)
|
|-- User Interface
| |-- Graphical User Interface (GUI)
| |-- Command Line Interface (CLI)
| |-- Windowing Systems
|
|-- Shell
| |-- Command Interpreter
| |-- Scripting
| |-- Job Control
|
|-- System Utilities
| |-- Task Manager
| |-- Disk Cleanup
| |-- System Monitor
| |-- Backup and Restore
|
|-- Boot Process
| |-- BIOS/UEFI
| |-- Boot Loader
| |-- Kernel Initialization
| |-- Init Process
|
|-- System Libraries
| |-- Standard C Library
| |-- POSIX Library
| |-- WinAPI (for Windows)
|
|-- System Calls
| |-- File System Calls
| |-- Process Control Calls
| |-- Memory Management Calls
| |-- Communication Calls
|
|-- Error Handling
| |-- Error Codes
| |-- Logging
| |-- Recovery Strategies
|
|-- Distributed Systems
| |-- Clustering
| |-- Load Balancing
| |-- Distributed File Systems
|
|-- Cloud Computing
| |-- Virtualization
| |-- Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
| |-- Platform as a Service (PaaS)
| |-- Software as a Service (SaaS)
|
└-- Comments
|-- // Single-line comment
└-- /* Multi-line comment */

Java interview questions along with brief answers

1. What is the difference between == and .equals() in Java?
- == compares object references, while .equals() compares the content of objects.

2. Explain the difference between ArrayList and LinkedList.
- ArrayList uses a dynamic array to store elements, providing fast random access. LinkedList uses a doubly-linked list, offering efficient insertion and deletion.

3. What is the significance of the static keyword in Java?
- The static keyword is used to create variables and methods that belong to the class rather than instances of the class. These can be accessed without creating an object.

4. What is the difference between an abstract class and an interface?
- An abstract class can have both abstract (unimplemented) and concrete (implemented) methods, while an interface can only have abstract methods. A class can implement multiple interfaces, but it can extend only one abstract class.

5. What is the purpose of the finally block in exception handling?
- The finally block is used to ensure that a specific block of code is always executed, regardless of whether an exception is thrown or not.

6. Explain the concept of multithreading in Java.
- Multithreading is the concurrent execution of two or more threads. Threads allow programs to run tasks in parallel, improving performance. In Java, you can create threads by extending the Thread class or implementing the Runnable interface.

7. What is the NullPointerException and how can it be avoided?
- NullPointerException occurs when you try to access a method or field of an object that is null. To avoid it, ensure that objects are properly initialized before accessing their members.

8. How does garbage collection work in Java?
- Garbage collection is the process of automatically reclaiming memory occupied by unreferenced objects. Java uses a garbage collector to identify and delete objects that are no longer reachable.

9. Explain the final keyword in Java.
- The final keyword can be applied to variables, methods, and classes. When applied to a variable, it means the variable's value cannot be changed. When applied to a method, it prevents method overriding. When applied to a class, it prevents the class from being subclassed.

10. What is the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?
- JVM is a virtual machine that executes Java bytecode. It abstracts the hardware and operating system details, allowing Java programs to run on any device with a compatible JVM.

These questions cover a range of Java concepts commonly discussed in interviews. Be prepared to elaborate on your answers and provide examples if requested during an interview.

What are the different Applications of Java?

Mobile Applications
Desktop GUI
Web-based Applications
Enterprise Applications
Scientific Applications
Gaming Applications
Big Data technologies
Business Applications
Distributed Applications
Cloud-based Applications

PYTHON INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

1 what is python ?
2 why python ?
3 what are advantage of python ?
4 what is pep 8 ?
5. What do you mean by literal ?
6 explain python function ?
7 what is use of break statement ?
8 what is tuple ?
9 python libraries /module ?
10. What is an in operator in python ?
11 why python interpreted ?
12 how is memory managed in python ?
13 python decorator ?
14 global variable / local variable ?
15 what is iterators in python ?
16 what is slicing in python ?
17 what is a dictionary in python ?
18 what is pass in python ?
19 what isinit ?
20 what is self in python ?

Most important for Technical round interview.

Typical java interview questions sorted by experience


Junior
* Name some of the characteristics of OO programming languages
* What are the access modifiers you know? What does each one do?
* What is the difference between overriding and overloading a method in Java?
* What’s the difference between an Interface and an abstract class?
* Can an Interface extend another Interface?
* What does the static word mean in Java?
* Can a static method be overridden in Java?
* What is Polymorphism? What about Inheritance?
* Can a constructor be inherited?
* Do objects get passed by reference or value in Java? Elaborate on that.
* What’s the difference between using == and .equals on a string?
* What is the hashCode() and equals() used for?
* What does the interface Serializable do? What about Parcelable in Android?
* Why are Array and ArrayList different? When would you use each?
* What’s the difference between an Integer and int?
* What is a ThreadPool? Is it better than using several “simple” threads?
* What the difference between local, instance and class variables?

Mid
* What is reflection?
* What is dependency injection? Can you name a few libraries? (Have you used any?)
* What are strong, soft and weak references in Java?
* What does the keyword synchronized mean?
* Can you have “memory leaks” on Java?
* Do you need to set references to null on Java/Android?
* What does it means to say that a String is immutable?
* What are transient and volatile modifiers?
* What is the finalize() method?
* How does the try{} finally{} works?
* What is the difference between instantiation and initialisation of an object?
* When is a static block run?
* Why are Generics are used in Java?
* Can you mention the design patterns you know? Which of those do you normally use?
* Can you mention some types of testing you know?

Senior
* How does Integer.parseInt() works?
* Do you know what is the “double check locking” problem?
* Do you know the difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder?
* How is a StringBuilder implemented to avoid the immutable string allocation problem?
* What does Class.forName method do?
* What is Autoboxing and Unboxing?
* What’s the difference between an Enumeration and an Iterator?
* What is the difference between fail-fast and fail safe in Java?
* What is PermGen in Java?
* What is a Java priority queue?
* *s performance influenced by using the same number in different types: Int, Double and Float?
* What is the Java Heap?
* What is daemon thread?
* Can a dead thread be restarted?

Source: medium.

Typical C++ interview questions sorted by experience

Junior:
- What are the key features of object-oriented programming in C++?
- Explain the differences between public, private, and protected access specifiers in C++.
- Distinguish between function overloading and overriding in C++.
- Compare and contrast abstract classes and interfaces in C++.
- Can an interface inherit from another interface in C++?
- Define the static keyword in C++ and its significance.
- Is it possible to override a static method in C++?
- Explain the concepts of polymorphism and inheritance in C++.
- Can constructors be inherited in C++?
- Discuss pass-by-reference and pass-by-value for objects in C++.
- Compare == and .equals for string comparison in C++.
- Explain the purposes of the hashCode() and equals() functions.
- What does the Serializable interface do? How is it related to Parcelable in Android?
- Differentiate between Array and ArrayList in C++. When would you use each?
- Explain the distinction between Integer and int in C++.
- Define ThreadPool and discuss its advantages over using simple threads.
- Differentiate between local, instance, and class variables in C++.

Mid:
- What is reflection in C++?
- Define dependency injection and name a few libraries. Have you used any?
- Explain strong, soft, and weak references in C++.
- Interpret the meaning of the synchronized keyword.
- Can memory leaks occur in C++?
- Is it necessary to set references to null in C++?
- Why is a String considered immutable?
- Discuss transient and volatile modifiers in C++.
- What is the purpose of the finalize() method?
- How does the try{} finally{} block work in C++?
- Explain the difference between object instantiation and initialization.
- Under what conditions is a static block executed in C++?
- Why are generics used in C++?
- Mention some design patterns you are familiar with. Which do you typically use?
- Name some types of testing methodologies in C++.

Senior:
- Explain how std::stoi (string to integer) works in C++.
- What is the "double-check locking" problem, and how can it be solved in C++?
- Differentiate between StringBuffer and StringBuilder in C++.
- How is StringBuilder implemented to avoid the immutable string allocation problem?
- Explain the purpose of the Class.forName method in C++.
- Define Autoboxing and Unboxing in C++.
- What's the difference between Enumeration and Iterator in C++?
- Explain the difference between fail-fast and fail-safe in C++.
- What is PermGen in C++?
- Describe a Java priority queue.
- How is performance influenced by using the same number in different types: Int, Double, and Float?
- Explain the concept of the Java Heap.
- What is a daemon thread?
- Can a dead thread be restarted in C++?

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Here are the 50 JavaScript interview questions for 2024

1. What is JavaScript?
2. What are the data types in JavaScript?
3. What is the difference between null and undefined?
4. Explain the concept of hoisting in JavaScript.
5. What is a closure in JavaScript?
6. What is the difference between “==” and “===” operators in JavaScript?
7. Explain the concept of prototypal inheritance in JavaScript.
8. What are the different ways to define a function in JavaScript?
9. How does event delegation work in JavaScript?
10. What is the purpose of the “this” keyword in JavaScript?
11. What are the different ways to create objects in JavaScript?
12. Explain the concept of callback functions in JavaScript.
13. What is event bubbling and event capturing in JavaScript?
14. What is the purpose of the “bind” method in JavaScript?
15. Explain the concept of AJAX in JavaScript.
16. What is the “typeof” operator used for?
17. How does JavaScript handle errors and exceptions?
18. Explain the concept of event-driven programming in JavaScript.
19. What is the purpose of the “async” and “await” keywords in JavaScript?
20. What is the difference between a deep copy and a shallow copy in JavaScript?
21. How does JavaScript handle memory management?
22. Explain the concept of event loop in JavaScript.
23. What is the purpose of the “map” method in JavaScript?
24. What is a promise in JavaScript?
25. How do you handle errors in promises?
26. Explain the concept of currying in JavaScript.
27. What is the purpose of the “reduce” method in JavaScript?
28. What is the difference between “null” and “undefined” in JavaScript?
29. What are the different types of loops in JavaScript?
30. What is the difference between “let,” “const,” and “var” in JavaScript?
31. Explain the concept of event propagation in JavaScript.
32. What are the different ways to manipulate the DOM in JavaScript?
33. What is the purpose of the “localStorage” and “sessionStorage” objects?
34. How do you handle asynchronous operations in JavaScript?
35. What is the purpose of the “forEach” method in JavaScript?
36. What are the differences between “let” and “var” in JavaScript?
37. Explain the concept of memoization in JavaScript.
38. What is the purpose of the “splice” method in JavaScript arrays?
39. What is a generator function in JavaScript?
40. How does JavaScript handle variable scoping?
41. What is the purpose of the “split” method in JavaScript?
42. What is the difference between a deep clone and a shallow clone of an object?
43. Explain the concept of the event delegation pattern.
44. What are the differences between JavaScript’s “null” and “undefined”?
45. What is the purpose of the “arguments” object in JavaScript?
46. What are the different ways to define methods in JavaScript objects?
47. Explain the concept of memoization and its benefits.
48. What is the difference between “slice” and “splice” in JavaScript arrays?
49. What is the purpose of the “apply” and “call” methods in JavaScript?
50. Explain the concept of the event loop in JavaScript and how it handles asynchronous operations.