Python Cheatsheet 🚀

1️⃣ Variables & Data Types

x = 10 (Integer)

y = 3.14 (Float)

name = "Python" (String)

is_valid = True (Boolean)

items = [1, 2, 3] (List)

data = (1, 2, 3) (Tuple)

person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25} (Dictionary)


2️⃣ Operators

Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, //, %, **

Comparison: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

Logical: and, or, not

Membership: in, not in


3️⃣ Control Flow

If-Else:

if age > 18:
print("Adult")
elif age == 18:
print("Just turned 18")
else:
print("Minor")

Loops:

for i in range(5):
print(i)
while x < 10:
x += 1


4️⃣ Functions

Defining & Calling:

def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}"
print(greet("Alice"))

Lambda Functions: add = lambda x, y: x + y


5️⃣ Lists & Dictionary Operations

Append: items.append(4)

Remove: items.remove(2)

List Comprehension: [x**2 for x in range(5)]

Dictionary Access: person["name"]


6️⃣ File Handling

Read File:

with open("file.txt", "r") as f:
content = f.read()

Write File:

with open("file.txt", "w") as f:
f.write("Hello, World!")


7️⃣ Exception Handling

try:
result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero!")
finally:
print("Done")

8️⃣ Modules & Packages

Importing:

import math
print(math.sqrt(25))

Creating a Module (mymodule.py):

def add(x, y):
return x + y

Usage: from mymodule import add


9️⃣ Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Defining a Class:

class Person:
def init(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def greet(self):
return f"Hello, my name is {self.name}"

Creating an Object: p = Person("Alice", 25)


🔟 Useful Libraries

NumPy: import numpy as np

Pandas: import pandas as pd

Matplotlib: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Requests: import requests

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🚀 Coding Projects & Ideas 💻

Inspire your next portfolio project — from beginner to pro!

🏗️ Beginner-Friendly Projects

1️⃣ To-Do List App – Create tasks, mark as done, store in browser.
2️⃣ Weather App – Fetch live weather data using a public API.
3️⃣ Unit Converter – Convert currencies, length, or weight.
4️⃣ Personal Portfolio Website – Showcase skills, projects & resume.
5️⃣ Calculator App – Build a clean UI for basic math operations.

⚙️ Intermediate Projects

6️⃣ Chatbot with AI – Use NLP libraries to answer user queries.
7️⃣ Stock Market Tracker – Real-time graphs & stock performance.
8️⃣ Expense Tracker – Manage budgets & visualize spending.
9️⃣ Image Classifier (ML) – Classify objects using pre-trained models.
🔟 E-Commerce Website – Product catalog, cart, payment gateway.

🚀 Advanced Projects

1️⃣1️⃣ Blockchain Voting System – Decentralized & tamper-proof elections.
1️⃣2️⃣ Social Media Analytics Dashboard – Analyze engagement, reach & sentiment.
1️⃣3️⃣ AI Code Assistant – Suggest code improvements or detect bugs.
1️⃣4️⃣ IoT Smart Home App – Control devices using sensors and Raspberry Pi.
1️⃣5️⃣ AR/VR Simulation – Build immersive learning or game experiences.

💡 Tip: Build in public. Share your process on GitHub, LinkedIn & Twitter.

🔥 React ❤️ for more project ideas!

Backend Development – Essential Concepts 🚀

1️⃣ Backend vs. Frontend

Frontend – Handles UI/UX (HTML, CSS, JavaScript, React, Vue).

Backend – Manages server, database, APIs, and business logic.


2️⃣ Backend Programming Languages

Python – Django, Flask, FastAPI.

JavaScript – Node.js, Express.js.

Java – Spring Boot.

PHP – Laravel.

Ruby – Ruby on Rails.

Go – Gin, Echo.


3️⃣ Databases

SQL Databases – MySQL, PostgreSQL, MS SQL, MariaDB.

NoSQL Databases – MongoDB, Firebase, Cassandra, DynamoDB.

ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) – SQLAlchemy (Python), Sequelize (Node.js).


4️⃣ APIs & Web Services

REST API – Uses HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE).

GraphQL – Flexible API querying.

WebSockets – Real-time communication.

gRPC – High-performance communication.


5️⃣ Authentication & Security

JWT (JSON Web Token) – Secure user authentication.

OAuth 2.0 – Third-party authentication (Google, Facebook).

Hashing & Encryption – Protecting user data (bcrypt, AES).

CORS & CSRF Protection – Prevent security vulnerabilities.


6️⃣ Server & Hosting

Cloud Providers – AWS, Google Cloud, Azure.

Serverless Computing – AWS Lambda, Firebase Functions.

Docker & Kubernetes – Containerization and orchestration.


7️⃣ Caching & Performance Optimization

Redis & Memcached – Fast data caching.

Load Balancing – Distribute traffic efficiently.

CDN (Content Delivery Network) – Faster content delivery.


8️⃣ DevOps & Deployment

CI/CD Pipelines – GitHub Actions, Jenkins, GitLab CI.

Monitoring & Logging – Prometheus, ELK Stack.

Version Control – Git, GitHub, GitLab.

Like it if you need a complete tutorial on all these topics! 👍❤️

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Here are some of the top Python frameworks for web development:

1. Django: A high-level framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design. It includes a built-in admin interface, ORM, and many other features.

2. Flask: A micro-framework that is lightweight and easy to set up, making it a popular choice for small to medium-sized projects. It provides the essentials and leaves the rest to extensions.

3. FastAPI: Known for its high performance and ease of use, FastAPI is ideal for building APIs. It supports asynchronous programming and is built on standard Python type hints.

4. Pyramid: A flexible framework that can be used for both small applications and large-scale projects. It provides a minimalistic core with optional add-ons for added functionality.

5. Tornado: Designed for handling large numbers of simultaneous connections, making it a good choice for applications that require real-time capabilities.

6. Bottle: A very lightweight micro-framework that is perfect for small web applications. It is contained in a single file and has no dependencies other than the Python Standard Library.

7. CherryPy: An object-oriented framework that allows developers to build web applications in a similar way to writing other Python programs. It is minimalistic and easy to use.

8. Web2py: A full-stack framework that includes an integrated development environment, a web-based interface, and a web server. It emphasizes ease of use and rapid development.

9. Sanic: An asynchronous framework built for speed. It is designed to handle large volumes of traffic and is well-suited for building fast APIs.

10. Falcon: Another framework focused on building fast APIs. Falcon is lightweight and focuses on performance and reliability.

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Typical C++ interview questions sorted by experience

Junior:
- What are the key features of object-oriented programming in C++?
- Explain the differences between public, private, and protected access specifiers in C++.
- Distinguish between function overloading and overriding in C++.
- Compare and contrast abstract classes and interfaces in C++.
- Can an interface inherit from another interface in C++?
- Define the static keyword in C++ and its significance.
- Is it possible to override a static method in C++?
- Explain the concepts of polymorphism and inheritance in C++.
- Can constructors be inherited in C++?
- Discuss pass-by-reference and pass-by-value for objects in C++.
- Compare == and .equals for string comparison in C++.
- Explain the purposes of the hashCode() and equals() functions.
- What does the Serializable interface do? How is it related to Parcelable in Android?
- Differentiate between Array and ArrayList in C++. When would you use each?
- Explain the distinction between Integer and int in C++.
- Define ThreadPool and discuss its advantages over using simple threads.
- Differentiate between local, instance, and class variables in C++.

Mid:
- What is reflection in C++?
- Define dependency injection and name a few libraries. Have you used any?
- Explain strong, soft, and weak references in C++.
- Interpret the meaning of the synchronized keyword.
- Can memory leaks occur in C++?
- Is it necessary to set references to null in C++?
- Why is a String considered immutable?
- Discuss transient and volatile modifiers in C++.
- What is the purpose of the finalize() method?
- How does the try{} finally{} block work in C++?
- Explain the difference between object instantiation and initialization.
- Under what conditions is a static block executed in C++?
- Why are generics used in C++?
- Mention some design patterns you are familiar with. Which do you typically use?
- Name some types of testing methodologies in C++.

Senior:
- Explain how std::stoi (string to integer) works in C++.
- What is the "double-check locking" problem, and how can it be solved in C++?
- Differentiate between StringBuffer and StringBuilder in C++.
- How is StringBuilder implemented to avoid the immutable string allocation problem?
- Explain the purpose of the Class.forName method in C++.
- Define Autoboxing and Unboxing in C++.
- What's the difference between Enumeration and Iterator in C++?
- Explain the difference between fail-fast and fail-safe in C++.
- What is PermGen in C++?
- Describe a Java priority queue.
- How is performance influenced by using the same number in different types: Int, Double, and Float?
- Explain the concept of the Java Heap.
- What is a daemon thread?
- Can a dead thread be restarted in C++?

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