Accounting and finance 2018 Holestic coc

ኮምፒውተር ሃርድዌር (Computer Hardware)

ኮምፒውተር ሃርድዌር እንደ የኮምፒውተሩ አካላት የሚቆጠሩ እና መዳሰስ የምትችሉ አካላዊ ክፍሎች ናቸው። ሶፍትዌር ማለት ፕሮግራሞች እና መመሪያዎች ከሆኑ፣ ሃርድዌር እነዚያን መመሪያዎች የሚፈጽሙት አካላት ናቸው።

ዋና ዋና ክፍሎቹ እንዲህ ናቸው፡-

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1. መሠረታዊ ክፍሎች

· ማድረቂያ ሰሌዳ (Motherboard / Mainboard): ዋናዋ የሽቦ ሰሌዳ። ሌሎች ሁሉም ክፍሎች ወደ እሷ ይገናኛሉ እና እርስ በርስ እንዲተዋወቁ ያስችላቸዋል።
· መሃከላዊ ማናቀሻ ክፍል (CPU - Central Processing Unit / Processor): የኮምፒውተሩ ጭንቅላት ወይም ልብ ነው። ሁሉንም ስሌት እና መመሪያ አሰጣጥ ይሠራል።
· እጅጌ ማህደረ ትውስታ (RAM - Random Access Memory): የኮምፒውተሩ አጭር ጊዜ ማስታወሻ። CPU በቀላሉ ሊደርስባቸው የሚችሉ ውሂቦች እዚህ ላይ በንቃት ይቀመጣሉ። በመሳሪያው ስልክ ሲጠፋ ይጠፋል።
· ማከማቻ (Storage): ረጅም ጊዜ ማስታወሻ። ስርአተ-ክወናው፣ ፕሮግራሞች እና ፋይሎችዎ ለዘላለም የሚቀሩበት ነው።
  · ሃርድ ዲስክ (HDD): በማግኔት የሚሽከረከሩ ዲስኮች ያሉት፣ ርሀቢ፣ ርዝመተኛ አቅም ያለው።
  · ሶሊድ ስቴት ዲራይቭ (SSD): የፍላሽ ሜሞሪ የሚጠቀም፣ ከHDD በጣም ፈጣን ነው። አሁን መደበኛ ሆኗል።
  · NVMe SSD: ከሁሉም ፈጣን፣ በቀጥታ ወደ ማድረቂያ ሰሌዳ የሚገናኝ።

2. ምስል አቀነባብር

· ግራፊክስ ማቀነባብሪያ ክፍል (GPU - Graphics Processing Unit): ለምስሎች፣ ቪድዮ እና 3D ምስሎች ልዩ የተሠራ ፕሮሰሰር። ለጨዋታ፣ ለቪድዮ ማርካት እና ለAI አስፈላጊ ነው።
  · የተዋሃደ ጂፒዩ (Integrated GPU): በCPU ውስጥ የተካተተ፣ ለመደበኛ ሥራዎች በቂ ነው።
  · የተነጠላ ጂፒዩ (Dedicated GPU): የተለየ ኃይለኛ ካርድ (ከኒቪዲያ፣ ኤኤምዲ ወይም ኢንቴል)።

3. ኃይል እና ማሰሪያ

· ኃይል አቅራቢ ክፍል (PSU - Power Supply Unit): የመደመርያ ግድግዳ ኃይልን ወደ ኮምፒውተር ክፍሎች የሚጠቀሙበት የተረጋጋ ኃይል ይቀይረዋል።
· ጉድጓድ (Case / Chassis): ሁሉንም ውስጣዊ ክፍሎች የሚያስቀምጥ እና የሚያስጠብቅ ሳጥን። አየር ማስወራሪያዎች (መጭመቂያዎች) ያሉት ሲሆን ክፍሎቹ እንዳይሞቁ ይረዳል።

4. ግብአት እና ውጤት መሣሪያዎች (Peripherals)

እነዚህ ከኮምፒውተሩ ውጭ የሚገኙ አካላት ናቸው።

· ግብአት መሣሪያዎች (Input Devices): ውሂብን ወደ ኮምፒውተር የሚልኩ (ምሳሌ፦ ኪቦርድ፣ አህያ፣ ማይክሮፎን፣ ስካነር)።
· ውጤት መሣሪያዎች (Output Devices): ውሂብን ከ ኮምፒውተር የሚቀበሉ (ምሳሌ፦ ማሳያ (ሞኒተር)፣ ማተምያ፣ መጭመቂያዎች (ስፒከር)፣ ሂድፎን)።

5. ሌሎች አስፈላጊ ክፍሎች

· ማርዛ መቆጣጠሪያዎች (Cooling Systems):
  · ማርዛ መሳቢያዎች (Heat Sinks): ብረት ክንፎች ሙቀትን ከCPU/GPU የሚያወጡ።
  · መጭመቂያዎች (Fans): በአየር ማስወራሪያ ያርዝ።
  · በፈሳሽ ማርዛ (Liquid Cooling): ውሃ ወይም ክሮሎራንት በመጠቀም የበለጠ ውጤታማ ማርዛ ስርአት።
· የኔትወርክ ካርድ (NIC): ኮምፒውተሩን ከኔትወርክ ወይም ኢንተርኔት ጋር የሚያገናኝ።

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በአማርኛ የሚገኙ ትርጉሞች (ማጠቃለያ)

እንግሊዝኛ አማርኛ (ትርጉም / ጥቅም ላይ ያሉ ቃላት)
Hardware ሃርድዌር / አካላዊ መሣሪያዎች
Motherboard ማድረቂያ ሰሌዳ / እማማዋ ሰሌዳ
CPU / Processor ፕሮሰሰር / ማናቀሻ ክፍል
RAM / Memory ራም / እጅጌ ማህደረ ትውስታ
Storage (HDD/SSD) ማከማቻ / ዲስክ
Graphics Card (GPU) ግራፊክስ ካርድ / ምስል አቀናባሪ
Power Supply (PSU) ኃይል አቅራቢ / ፓውር ሳፕላይ
Monitor ማሳያ / ሞኒተር
Keyboard ኪቦርድ / የቁልፍ ሰሌዳ
Mouse አህያ / መውሰኪያ

ቃለ መጠይቅ: ኮምፒውተር ሃርድዌርን ማወቅ አስፈላጊ ሲሆን ይህም ትክክለኛውን መሣሪያ በመምረጥ፣ ችግሮችን በመፍታት ("ችግሩ በሃርድዌር ነው ወይስ በሶፍትዌር?") እንዲሁም ለተለያዩ ፍላጎቶች (ጨዋታ፣ ስራ፣ ትምህርት) ተስማሚ ስርአት ለመገንባት ይረዳል።

1. Convert the decimal number 231 into its binary equivalent. Select the correct answer from the list below.

11110010
11011011
11110110
11100111
11100101
11101110
2. Convert the binary number 10111010 into its hexadecimal equivalent. Select the correct answer from the list below.

85
90
BA
A1
B3
1C
3. The failure rate in a certain brand of network interface card has been determined to be 15%. How many cards could be expected to fail in a company that has 80 of the cards installed?

8
10
12
15
4. A local real estate company can have its 25 computer systems upgraded for $1000. If the company chooses only to upgrade 10 systems, how much will the upgrade cost if the same rate is used?

$100
$200
$400
$500
$600
5. Considering the average capacity of storage device media, drag the storage media on the left to the capacity list on the right.



6. Which two devices provide permanent data storage? (Choose two.)

Blu-Ray disc
hard drive
keyboard
monitor
RAM
7. If a technician uses an average of 2 cans of compressed air per week for cleaning, how many cans should be ordered for 8 technicians over the next 10 weeks?

16
20
80
160
200
8. What is a function of the BIOS?

enables a computer to connect to a network
provides temporary data storage for the CPU
performs a power-on self test of internal components
provides graphic capabilities for games and applications
9. Match the form of network communication with its description. (Not all options are used.)
Question and Answer:


10. Refer to the exhibit. Match the port to the associated letter shown in the exhibit. (Not all options are used.)
Question:


Answer:


11. Which is a characteristic of the Internet?

It is not centrally governed.
It uses only physical addresses.
It uses private IP addressing.
It is localized to specific geographic locations.
Explanation: The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that has no central governance. It is not limited to geographic boundaries and uses static public IP addresses for communication.

12. Match the icon to its likely associated use. (Not all options are used.)



13. Which command can be used to test connectivity between two computers that are attached to a network?

ipconfig
ping
winipcfg
ifconfig
nbtstst -s
14. A person-hour is the amount of work that the average worker can do in one hour. It is anticipated that a company-wide system upgrade will take approximately 60 person-hours to complete. How long will it take five technicians to perform the refresh?

5 hours
8 hours
10 hours
12 hours
15. Match the application with the correct compressed files format. (Not all options are used.)
Question:
Match the application with the correct compressed files formatAnswer:


16. Which type of connector does a network interface card use?

DIN
PS-2
RJ-11
RJ-45
17. A user is having problems accessing the Internet. The command ping www.cisco.com fails. However, pinging the IP address of cisco.com with the command ping 198.133.219.25 is successful. What is the problem?

The web server is down.
The default gateway is incorrect.
There is a problem with DNS.
The address of the ARP cache is incorrect.
18. Which option shows the proper notation for an IPv6 address?

2001,0db8,3c55,0015,abcd,ff13
2001-0db8-3c55-0015-abcd-ff13
2001.0db8.3c55.0015.abcd.ff13
2001:0db8:3c55:0015::abcd:ff13
19. What is the purpose of the routing process?

to encapsulate data that is used to communicate across a network
to select the paths that are used to direct traffic to destination networks
to convert a URL name into an IP address
to provide secure Internet file transfer
to forward traffic on the basis of MAC addresses
20. Which device should be used for enabling a host to communicate with another host on a different network?

switch
hub
router
host
21. A home user is looking for an ISP connection that provides high speed digital transmission over regular phone lines. What ISP connection type should be used?

System Administration Basics (1–10)

1. System administration mainly focuses on:
A. Programming
B. Managing and maintaining systems
C. Designing hardware
D. Writing algorithms

2. Which is NOT a responsibility of a system administrator?
A. User management
B. Backup and recovery
C. Software testing
D. Security management

3. Creating and deleting user accounts is part of:
A. Resource management
B. User and account management
C. Network monitoring
D. Backup management

4. Which resource is NOT managed by system administrators?
A. CPU
B. Memory
C. Disk storage
D. Compiler

5. Monitoring CPU usage helps mainly in:
A. Security management
B. Performance management
C. Fault management
D. Accounting management

6. Authentication means:
A. Granting permissions
B. Tracking usage
C. Verifying user identity
D. Listing resources

7. Authorization is the process of:
A. Identifying users
B. Assigning access rights
C. Encrypting data
D. Logging usage

8. Which account exists only on one computer?
A. Domain account
B. Network account
C. Local account
D. Built-in account

9. A built-in account is:
A. Created by user
B. Provided by the system
C. Temporary account
D. Guest only

10. Which principle ensures only authorized access?
A. Availability
B. Confidentiality
C. Integrity
D. Enumeration

Network Management Functions (11–20)

11. Detecting and fixing network failures is called:
A. Accounting management
B. Fault management
C. Performance management
D. Security management

12. Monitoring bandwidth usage belongs to:
A. Accounting management
B. Fault management
C. Configuration management
D. Security management

13. Managing device settings and configurations is:
A. Performance management
B. Fault management
C. Configuration management
D. Accounting management

14. Ensuring efficient network operation is:
A. Security management
B. Performance management
C. Accounting management
D. Fault management

15. Preventing unauthorized access is part of:
A. Accounting management
B. Configuration management
C. Security management
D. Performance management

16. Which management function tracks resource usage?
A. Fault
B. Accounting
C. Performance
D. Security

17. Network management functions are often abbreviated as:
A. TCP/IP
B. OSI
C. FCAPS
D. DNS

18. FCAPS does NOT include:
A. Fault
B. Configuration
C. Authorization
D. Security

19. Logging system events supports:
A. Fault management
B. Accounting management
C. Security management
D. All of the above

20. Which function helps capacity planning?
A. Fault
B. Performance
C. Security
D. Configuration

Networking, Protocols & Commands (21–35)

21. Which command displays IP configuration?
A. ping
B. nslookup
C. ipconfig
D. traceroute

22. nslookup is used for:
A. Testing connectivity
B. Querying DNS
C. File transfer
D. Remote login

23. traceroute is used to:
A. Resolve domain names
B. Show packet path
C. Transfer files
D. Display MAC address

24. Telnet is mainly used for:
A. Secure remote login
B. File sharing
C. Insecure remote access
D. Email transfer

25. FTP is used for:
A. Web browsing
B. Email sending
C. File transfer
D. Name resolution

26. SMTP protocol is used for:
A. Receiving email
B. Sending email
C. Browsing web
D. File sharing

27. HTTP operates at which OSI layer?
A. Transport
B. Network
C. Application
D. Data Link

28. TCP provides:
A. Unreliable delivery
B. Best effort delivery
C. Reliable delivery
D. Broadcast only

29. IP protocol works at:
A. Application layer
B. Transport layer
C. Internet layer
D. Physical layer

30. Which layer handles logical addressing?
A. Application
B. Transport
C. Internet
D. Physical

31. DNS is used to:
A. Encrypt data
B. Translate domain names
C. Route packets
D. Assign MAC address

32. Root server is part of:
A. Email system
B. DNS hierarchy
C. Web server
D. File server

33. A zone server manages:
A. Entire internet
B. Part of DNS namespace
C. Email routing
D. IP assignment

34. A domain server mainly provides:
A. Printing service
B. Authentication
C. File backup
D. Web hosting

35. NAS stands for:
A. Network Access Service
B. Network Attached Storage
C. Network Authentication System
D. Network Allocation Service

Storage, Backup & Services (36–50)

36. NAS provides which type of storage?
A. Block-level
B. File-level
C. Cache memory
D. Virtual memory

37. Backup is mainly used to:
A. Increase speed
B. Prevent data loss
C. Encrypt files
D. Share resources

38. Restoring data means:
A. Deleting backup
B. Compressing data
C. Recovering lost data
D. Encrypting storage

39. Which backup type copies all data every time?
A. Incremental
B. Differential
C. Full
D. Partial

40. Remote Access Service allows:
A. Local login only
B. Remote system access
C. File encryption
D. Backup only

41. Software Depot Service is used for:
A. Email handling
B. Centralized software storage
C. Network routing
D. User authentication

42. Web services operate mainly at:
A. Physical layer
B. Data Link layer
C. Application layer
D. Transport layer

43. Email service uses which protocol?
A. FTP
B. SMTP
C. HTTP
D. SNMP

44. A file server is used for:
A. Web hosting
B. Centralized file storage
C. Authentication
D. Printing

45. Print server manages:
A. Web pages
B. Network printers
C. Email routing
D. IP addresses

46. System availability mainly depends on:
A. Backup only
B. Performance and fault handling
C. Programming
D. Web design

47. Enumeration in security refers to:
A. Encryption
B. Listing system resources
C. Authentication
D. Authorization

48. Permission controls:
A. Identity
B. Resource access
C. IP address
D. Domain name

49. FAT file system mainly lacks:
A. File storage
B. Security features
C. File naming
D. Directories

50. Ethiopian exit exams mainly test:
A. Coding skills
B. Practical labs
C. Concepts and definitions
D. UI design

# ✅ ANSWER KEY (After All Questions)

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. D
5. B
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. B
10. B
11. B
12. A
13. C
14. B
15. C
16. B
17. C
18. C
19. D
20. B
21. C
22. B
23. B
24. C
25. C
26. B
27. C
28. C
29. C
30. C
31. B
32. B
33. B
34. B
35. B
36. B
37. B
38. C
39. C
40. B
41. B
42. C
43. B
44. B
45. B
46. B
47. B
48. B
49. B
50. C

የኢፌዴሪ አየር ኃይል የምልመላ ማስታወቂያ
 
በሀገር መከላከያ ሚኒስቴር የኢፌዴሪ አየር ኃይል፤ በተዋጊ አውሮፕላን አብራሪነት እና በቴክኒሽያንነት የሙያ ዘርፎች ፍላጎት ያላቸውንና የምልመላ መስፈርቱን የሚያሟሉ  ወጣቶችን መልምሎ ለማሰልጠን ይፈልጋል።

✅  አጠቃላይ መመዘኛዎች
• ዜግነት ኢትዮጵያዊ የሆኑ፤
• ለኢፌዴሪ ሕገ-መንግሥት ተገዥ የሆኑ፤
• መልካም ሥነ-ምግባር ያላቸው፣
• በውትድርና ለማገልገልና ሙያው የሚጠይቀውን ሥልጠና ለመውሰድ ፍቃደኛ የሆኑ፤
• የወንጀል ጥፋት ሪከርድ የሌለባቸው ለመሆኑ ከትውልድ ቦታቸው ወይም ከሚኖሩበት አካባቢ ማስረጃ ማቅረብ የሚችሉ፤
• ሙሉ ጤንነት ያላቸውና የሕክምና ምርመራ ለመውሰድ ፍቃደኛ የሆኑ፤
• ከዚህ በፊት በውትድርና ወይም በፖሊስነት ያልሰሩና የማንኛውም የፖለቲካ ድርጅት አባል ያልሆኑ እንዲሁም ትዳር ያልመሰረቱ።
 
✅  ለትምህርትና ሌሎች መመዘኛዎች
ለተዋጊ አውሮፕላን አብራሪነት የምልመላ መስፈርቶች
• የተፈጥሮ ሳይንስ ተማሪ ሆነው ከ2015-2017 የትምህርት ዘመን የ12ኛ ክፍል ፈተና ወስደው አጠቃላይ ውጤት 350 እና ከዚያ በላይ ያላቸው፤
• በእንግሊዝኛ፣ በሂሳብ እና በፊዚክስ ትምህርቶች አማካይ ውጤት 50% እና ከዚያ በላይ ያላቸው፤
• እድሜ ከ18-22 ዓመት፣ ቁመት  አንድ ሜትር ከ65 እና ከዚያ በላይ እንዲሁም ክብደት ከ50-65 ኪሎግራም የሆኑ።
 
✅ ለቴክኒሽያንነት የምልመላ መስፈርቶች
• የተፈጥሮ ሳይንስ ተማሪ ሆነው በ2015-2017 ዓ/ም የ12ኛ ክፍል ብሔራዊ ፈተና ወስደው አጠቃላይ ውጤት 200 እና ከዚያ በላይ ያላቸው፤
• እድሜያቸው ከ25 ዓመት ያልበለጠ፣ ቁመታቸው 1.65 ሜትር እና ክብደታቸው ከ50-65 ኪሎ ግራም የሆኑ።

✅ ለአጫጭር ኮርስ ሰልጣኞች የመመልመያ መስፈርቶች
• በመጀመሪያ ዲግሪ በሜካኒካል፣ በኤሌክትሪካልና በኮምፒውተር የሙያ ዘርፎች የተመረቁ፤ እንዲሁም በተለያዩ የቴክኒክ ሙያዎች በደረጃ 4 እና በደረጃ 5 ተረምቀው የሲኦሲ  ምዘና ውጤት ያላቸው፤
• እድሜ ከ27 ዓመት ያልበለጡና ቁመት  1 ሜትር ከ65 የሆኑ።

✅  የሙያ አይነቶቹን ሙሉ ዝርዝር በየምዝገባ ጣቢያዎቹ የማስታወቂያ ሰሌዳ ላይ መመልከት የምትችሉ መሆኑን እንገልፃለን።

✅  መስፈርቱን የምታሟሉ ተወዳዳሪዎች የ8ኛ እና 12ኛ ክፍል ማስረጃዎቻችሁን ኦርጅናልና ፎቶ ኮፒ በመያዝ ቀርባችሁ መመዝገብ የምትችሉ ሲሆን፤ በአየር ኃይል አካዳሚ የሚሰጠውን የመግቢያ ፈተና ማለፍ ይጠበቅባችኋል።

✅  ምዝገባ የሚካሄድባቸው የክልል ከተሞች
• ትግራይ ክልል - መቀሌ
• አፋር ክልል - ሠመራ
• አማራ ክልል - ባህርዳር ፣ጎንደር ፣ ደሴ፣ ደብረብርሃን
• ኦሮሚያ ክልል - አዳማ፣ ቢሾፍቱ ፣ባሌጎባ፣ አሰላ ሻሸመኔ ፣ነቀምት፣ አምቦ፣ ጅማ ፣መቱ፣ ወሊሶ ፣ፊቼ፣ ሸገርሲቲ፤
• ሶማሌ ክልል - ጅግጅጋ
• ቤኒሻንጉል ጉምዝ ክልል - አሶሳ
• ጋምቤላ ክልል - ጋምቤላ
• ሲዳማ ክልል - ሃዋሳ
• ደቡብ ምዕራብ ኢትዮጵያ ክልል - ቦንጋ
• ማዕከላዊ ኢትዮጵያ ክልል - ሆስአና
• ደቡብ ኢትዮጵያ ክልል - ወላይታ ሶዶ
• የድሬዳዋ ከተማ መስተዳደር - ድሬዳዋ
• ሀረሪ ክልል - ሀረር
• የአዲስ አበባ ከተማ መስተዳደር - አዲስ አበባ

✅  ምዝገባ የሚካሄድባቸው ቦታዎች - በሁሉም የክልል የዞንና የወረዳ ፀጥታ ቢሮዎች ይሆናል።

በኢፌዴሪ መከላከያ ሚኒስቴር የአየር ኃይል ጠቅላይ መምሪያ

የኢፌዴሪ መከላከያ ሠራዊት ድረ-ገፅ
https://dfmc.mod.gov.et/

የኢፌዴሪ መከላከያ ሠራዊት ዩቲዩብ
https://youtube.com/@fdredefenseforce-9629?si=Av-sDKCopw1FfTW2

የኢፌዴሪ መከላከያ ሠራዊት  ቴሌግራም 
https://t.me/+E_EOiTY9eq85ODI0

የኢፌዴሪ መከላከያ ሠራዊት ፌስቡክ
https://www.facebook.com/fdredefense.official

ሰላም ቤተሰብ
እንደዚህ አይነት ሊንክ  እየተላከ ነው ፣ ከጓደኞቻችሁም ሆነ ከማንም ቢላክ በፍፁም እንዳትከፍቱን ፣  መጥለፊያ መንገድ ነው ። እንዳትታለሉ ።