Windows server 2008r2 እና Windows 7 ስትጭኑ ኮምፒዩተሩን ፎርማት ካደራጋችሁ በኋላ የኔትዎርክ ኬብል #Plugin አድርጋችሁ የኔትዎርክ ምልክቱ ቢጫ ማልክት ማስየት ወይም #Undefined_network ማለት ሲገባው በቀይ የ ❌ ምልክት ካለው የግድ ከላይ ያያዝኩላችሁን 👆 driver ሶፍትዌር መጫን አለባችሁ።

@abrenendeg

2018 Holestic HNS COC Practical exam

Accounting and finance 2018 Holestic coc

ኮምፒውተር ሃርድዌር (Computer Hardware)

ኮምፒውተር ሃርድዌር እንደ የኮምፒውተሩ አካላት የሚቆጠሩ እና መዳሰስ የምትችሉ አካላዊ ክፍሎች ናቸው። ሶፍትዌር ማለት ፕሮግራሞች እና መመሪያዎች ከሆኑ፣ ሃርድዌር እነዚያን መመሪያዎች የሚፈጽሙት አካላት ናቸው።

ዋና ዋና ክፍሎቹ እንዲህ ናቸው፡-

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1. መሠረታዊ ክፍሎች

· ማድረቂያ ሰሌዳ (Motherboard / Mainboard): ዋናዋ የሽቦ ሰሌዳ። ሌሎች ሁሉም ክፍሎች ወደ እሷ ይገናኛሉ እና እርስ በርስ እንዲተዋወቁ ያስችላቸዋል።
· መሃከላዊ ማናቀሻ ክፍል (CPU - Central Processing Unit / Processor): የኮምፒውተሩ ጭንቅላት ወይም ልብ ነው። ሁሉንም ስሌት እና መመሪያ አሰጣጥ ይሠራል።
· እጅጌ ማህደረ ትውስታ (RAM - Random Access Memory): የኮምፒውተሩ አጭር ጊዜ ማስታወሻ። CPU በቀላሉ ሊደርስባቸው የሚችሉ ውሂቦች እዚህ ላይ በንቃት ይቀመጣሉ። በመሳሪያው ስልክ ሲጠፋ ይጠፋል።
· ማከማቻ (Storage): ረጅም ጊዜ ማስታወሻ። ስርአተ-ክወናው፣ ፕሮግራሞች እና ፋይሎችዎ ለዘላለም የሚቀሩበት ነው።
  · ሃርድ ዲስክ (HDD): በማግኔት የሚሽከረከሩ ዲስኮች ያሉት፣ ርሀቢ፣ ርዝመተኛ አቅም ያለው።
  · ሶሊድ ስቴት ዲራይቭ (SSD): የፍላሽ ሜሞሪ የሚጠቀም፣ ከHDD በጣም ፈጣን ነው። አሁን መደበኛ ሆኗል።
  · NVMe SSD: ከሁሉም ፈጣን፣ በቀጥታ ወደ ማድረቂያ ሰሌዳ የሚገናኝ።

2. ምስል አቀነባብር

· ግራፊክስ ማቀነባብሪያ ክፍል (GPU - Graphics Processing Unit): ለምስሎች፣ ቪድዮ እና 3D ምስሎች ልዩ የተሠራ ፕሮሰሰር። ለጨዋታ፣ ለቪድዮ ማርካት እና ለAI አስፈላጊ ነው።
  · የተዋሃደ ጂፒዩ (Integrated GPU): በCPU ውስጥ የተካተተ፣ ለመደበኛ ሥራዎች በቂ ነው።
  · የተነጠላ ጂፒዩ (Dedicated GPU): የተለየ ኃይለኛ ካርድ (ከኒቪዲያ፣ ኤኤምዲ ወይም ኢንቴል)።

3. ኃይል እና ማሰሪያ

· ኃይል አቅራቢ ክፍል (PSU - Power Supply Unit): የመደመርያ ግድግዳ ኃይልን ወደ ኮምፒውተር ክፍሎች የሚጠቀሙበት የተረጋጋ ኃይል ይቀይረዋል።
· ጉድጓድ (Case / Chassis): ሁሉንም ውስጣዊ ክፍሎች የሚያስቀምጥ እና የሚያስጠብቅ ሳጥን። አየር ማስወራሪያዎች (መጭመቂያዎች) ያሉት ሲሆን ክፍሎቹ እንዳይሞቁ ይረዳል።

4. ግብአት እና ውጤት መሣሪያዎች (Peripherals)

እነዚህ ከኮምፒውተሩ ውጭ የሚገኙ አካላት ናቸው።

· ግብአት መሣሪያዎች (Input Devices): ውሂብን ወደ ኮምፒውተር የሚልኩ (ምሳሌ፦ ኪቦርድ፣ አህያ፣ ማይክሮፎን፣ ስካነር)።
· ውጤት መሣሪያዎች (Output Devices): ውሂብን ከ ኮምፒውተር የሚቀበሉ (ምሳሌ፦ ማሳያ (ሞኒተር)፣ ማተምያ፣ መጭመቂያዎች (ስፒከር)፣ ሂድፎን)።

5. ሌሎች አስፈላጊ ክፍሎች

· ማርዛ መቆጣጠሪያዎች (Cooling Systems):
  · ማርዛ መሳቢያዎች (Heat Sinks): ብረት ክንፎች ሙቀትን ከCPU/GPU የሚያወጡ።
  · መጭመቂያዎች (Fans): በአየር ማስወራሪያ ያርዝ።
  · በፈሳሽ ማርዛ (Liquid Cooling): ውሃ ወይም ክሮሎራንት በመጠቀም የበለጠ ውጤታማ ማርዛ ስርአት።
· የኔትወርክ ካርድ (NIC): ኮምፒውተሩን ከኔትወርክ ወይም ኢንተርኔት ጋር የሚያገናኝ።

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በአማርኛ የሚገኙ ትርጉሞች (ማጠቃለያ)

እንግሊዝኛ አማርኛ (ትርጉም / ጥቅም ላይ ያሉ ቃላት)
Hardware ሃርድዌር / አካላዊ መሣሪያዎች
Motherboard ማድረቂያ ሰሌዳ / እማማዋ ሰሌዳ
CPU / Processor ፕሮሰሰር / ማናቀሻ ክፍል
RAM / Memory ራም / እጅጌ ማህደረ ትውስታ
Storage (HDD/SSD) ማከማቻ / ዲስክ
Graphics Card (GPU) ግራፊክስ ካርድ / ምስል አቀናባሪ
Power Supply (PSU) ኃይል አቅራቢ / ፓውር ሳፕላይ
Monitor ማሳያ / ሞኒተር
Keyboard ኪቦርድ / የቁልፍ ሰሌዳ
Mouse አህያ / መውሰኪያ

ቃለ መጠይቅ: ኮምፒውተር ሃርድዌርን ማወቅ አስፈላጊ ሲሆን ይህም ትክክለኛውን መሣሪያ በመምረጥ፣ ችግሮችን በመፍታት ("ችግሩ በሃርድዌር ነው ወይስ በሶፍትዌር?") እንዲሁም ለተለያዩ ፍላጎቶች (ጨዋታ፣ ስራ፣ ትምህርት) ተስማሚ ስርአት ለመገንባት ይረዳል።

1. Convert the decimal number 231 into its binary equivalent. Select the correct answer from the list below.

11110010
11011011
11110110
11100111
11100101
11101110
2. Convert the binary number 10111010 into its hexadecimal equivalent. Select the correct answer from the list below.

85
90
BA
A1
B3
1C
3. The failure rate in a certain brand of network interface card has been determined to be 15%. How many cards could be expected to fail in a company that has 80 of the cards installed?

8
10
12
15
4. A local real estate company can have its 25 computer systems upgraded for $1000. If the company chooses only to upgrade 10 systems, how much will the upgrade cost if the same rate is used?

$100
$200
$400
$500
$600
5. Considering the average capacity of storage device media, drag the storage media on the left to the capacity list on the right.



6. Which two devices provide permanent data storage? (Choose two.)

Blu-Ray disc
hard drive
keyboard
monitor
RAM
7. If a technician uses an average of 2 cans of compressed air per week for cleaning, how many cans should be ordered for 8 technicians over the next 10 weeks?

16
20
80
160
200
8. What is a function of the BIOS?

enables a computer to connect to a network
provides temporary data storage for the CPU
performs a power-on self test of internal components
provides graphic capabilities for games and applications
9. Match the form of network communication with its description. (Not all options are used.)
Question and Answer:


10. Refer to the exhibit. Match the port to the associated letter shown in the exhibit. (Not all options are used.)
Question:


Answer:


11. Which is a characteristic of the Internet?

It is not centrally governed.
It uses only physical addresses.
It uses private IP addressing.
It is localized to specific geographic locations.
Explanation: The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that has no central governance. It is not limited to geographic boundaries and uses static public IP addresses for communication.

12. Match the icon to its likely associated use. (Not all options are used.)



13. Which command can be used to test connectivity between two computers that are attached to a network?

ipconfig
ping
winipcfg
ifconfig
nbtstst -s
14. A person-hour is the amount of work that the average worker can do in one hour. It is anticipated that a company-wide system upgrade will take approximately 60 person-hours to complete. How long will it take five technicians to perform the refresh?

5 hours
8 hours
10 hours
12 hours
15. Match the application with the correct compressed files format. (Not all options are used.)
Question:
Match the application with the correct compressed files formatAnswer:


16. Which type of connector does a network interface card use?

DIN
PS-2
RJ-11
RJ-45
17. A user is having problems accessing the Internet. The command ping www.cisco.com fails. However, pinging the IP address of cisco.com with the command ping 198.133.219.25 is successful. What is the problem?

The web server is down.
The default gateway is incorrect.
There is a problem with DNS.
The address of the ARP cache is incorrect.
18. Which option shows the proper notation for an IPv6 address?

2001,0db8,3c55,0015,abcd,ff13
2001-0db8-3c55-0015-abcd-ff13
2001.0db8.3c55.0015.abcd.ff13
2001:0db8:3c55:0015::abcd:ff13
19. What is the purpose of the routing process?

to encapsulate data that is used to communicate across a network
to select the paths that are used to direct traffic to destination networks
to convert a URL name into an IP address
to provide secure Internet file transfer
to forward traffic on the basis of MAC addresses
20. Which device should be used for enabling a host to communicate with another host on a different network?

switch
hub
router
host
21. A home user is looking for an ISP connection that provides high speed digital transmission over regular phone lines. What ISP connection type should be used?