Common Data Structure Operations and
Array Sorting Algorithms

It could be useful to have it as a cheat sheet

SQL EXECUTION ORDER

SQL Doesn’t Run the Way You Think It Does!

Most people assume SQL runs top to bottom—
but in reality, the database follows a completely different process.

Here’s what actually happens when you hit Run:

🔹 FROM & JOIN – First, SQL figures out where to pull the data from.
🔹 WHERE – Then, it filters out rows that don’t match your conditions.
🔹 GROUP BY – If needed, it groups the remaining rows together.
🔹 HAVING – Now, it filters those groups (not individual rows).
🔹 SELECT – Finally, it picks the columns you asked for.
🔹 ORDER BY – It sorts the result.
🔹 LIMIT – At the very end, it restricts the output.

Why does this matter?
⤷ You can’t use column aliases in WHERE
because SELECT runs later.
⤷ Filtering after grouping (HAVING)
is less efficient than filtering before (WHERE).
⤷ Understanding this helps you write faster, better queries.

Most analysts assume SQL reads queries like English.
✅ But databases have their own logic—and mastering it makes
you a 10x better analyst!

JOB INTERVIEW CHEAT SHEET