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1. LeetCode
   - URL: https://leetcode.com
   - Description: Enhance problem-solving skills with a vast collection of coding challenges on LeetCode.

2. HackerRank
   - URL: https://www.hackerrank.com
   - Description: HackerRank offers diverse coding challenges for algorithm, data structure, and language proficiency improvement.

3. CodeSignal
   - URL: https://codesignal.com
   - Description: CodeSignal provides coding challenges and assessments to enhance coding skills for interviews and practice.

4. Codewars
   - URL: https://www.codewars.com
   - Description: Codewars engages developers in creative problem-solving through kata challenges, fostering skill development.

5. Exercism
   - URL: https://exercism.io
   - Description: Exercism offers coding exercises in various languages, providing mentorship and community support.

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1. Learn SQL syntax, keywords, and basic commands (SELECT, FROM, WHERE).
2. Practice querying data from a single table.
3. Understand data types, NULL values, and basic functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG).
4. Experiment with simple filtering and sorting.

Step 2: Intermediate SQL
1. Dive deeper into SQL with JOIN operations (INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN).
2. Learn about subqueries and correlated subqueries.
3. Practice using aggregate functions (GROUP BY, HAVING) for data summarization.
4. Explore table creation, modification, and deletion commands (CREATE, ALTER, DROP).

Step 3: Advanced SQL
1. Master advanced SQL concepts such as window functions and common table
expressions (CTEs).
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3. Practice writing complex queries involving multiple joins and subqueries.
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Below are the SQL query optimization techniques that I found to be significant, listed in the top 20:

1. Create an index on huge tables (>1.000.000) rows
2. Use EXIST() instead of COUNT() to find an element in the table
3. SELECT fields instead of using SELECT *
4. Avoid Subqueries in WHERE Clause
5. Avoid SELECT DISTINCT where possible
6. Use WHERE Clause instead of HAVING
7. Create joins with INNER JOIN (not WHERE)
8. Use LIMIT to sample query results
9. Use UNION ALL instead of UNION wherever possible
10. Use UNION where instead of WHERE ... or ... query.
11. Run your query during off-peak hours
12. Avoid using OR in join queries
14. Choose GROUP BY over window functions
15. Use derived and temporary tables
16. Drop the index before loading bulk data
16. Use materialized views instead of views
17. Avoid != or <> (not equal) operator
18. Minimize the number of subqueries
19. Use INNER join as little as possible when you can get the same output using LEFT/RIGHT join.
20. Frequently try to use temporary sources to retrieve the same dataset.

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SQL for Data Analysis:
30 commonly asked questions in database management system (DBMS) interviews
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1. What is a DBMS?
2. Differentiate between DBMS and RDBMS.
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a DBMS?
4. Explain the three levels of data abstraction in DBMS.
5. What is a database schema?
6. Define normalization and its importance in database design.
7. What are the different types of database models?
8. What is ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in DBMS?
9. What is a primary key, and why is it important?
10. Explain the concept of foreign keys.
11. Differentiate between a candidate key, primary key, and super key.
12. What is a transaction in a database?
13. Describe the differences between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP commands.
14. What is a view in a database?
15. Explain indexing in databases.
16. What is a stored procedure?
17. What are the advantages of using stored procedures?
18. Describe the differences between clustered and non-clustered indexes.
19. What is a deadlock in DBMS?
20. How can you avoid deadlocks in a database?
21. What is data redundancy, and how can it be minimized?
22. What is a trigger in a database?
23. Describe the different types of joins in SQL.
24. What is a constraint in a database?
25. Explain the differences between a unique key and a primary key.
26. How does SQL differ from NoSQL databases?
27. What is the CAP theorem, and how does it relate to databases?
28. Explain the concept of data warehousing.
29. What are OLTP and OLAP, and how do they differ?
30. How would you approach database performance tuning and optimization?

In SQL interviews, candidates are often asked about the following topics:

Basic SQL commands: Candidates may be asked to write basic SQL commands to retrieve, update, or delete data from a database.
Joins: Understanding different types of joins (e.g., inner join, outer join, left join, right join) and how to use them effectively.
Subqueries: Writing and understanding subqueries to retrieve specific data from a database.
Indexes: Understanding the purpose of indexes in a database and how they can improve query performance.
Normalization: Knowledge of database normalization and its importance in database design.
Constraints: Understanding different types of constraints (e.g., primary key, foreign key, unique constraint) and how they are used to maintain data integrity.
Aggregation functions: Knowledge of aggregation functions such as SUM, AVG, COUNT, MAX, and MIN, and how they are used in SQL queries.
Data manipulation language (DML) and data definition language (DDL): Understanding the difference between DML and DDL and being able to write queries using both.
Performance tuning: Understanding how to optimize SQL queries for better performance, including using indexes, avoiding correlated subqueries, and minimizing data retrieval.
Stored procedures and functions: Knowledge of creating and using stored procedures and functions in SQL.
These are some common topics that are often covered in SQL interviews. It's important for candidates to have a solid understanding of these concepts and be able to apply them in practical scenarios.

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Typical Java Interview Questions sorted by experience


Junior
* Name some of the characteristics of OO programming languages
* What are the access modifiers you know? What does each one do?
* What is the difference between overriding and overloading a method in Java?
* What’s the difference between an Interface and an abstract class?
* Can an Interface extend another Interface?
* What does the static word mean in Java?
* Can a static method be overridden in Java?
* What is Polymorphism? What about Inheritance?
* Can a constructor be inherited?
* Do objects get passed by reference or value in Java? Elaborate on that.
* What’s the difference between using == and .equals on a string?
* What is the hashCode() and equals() used for?
* What does the interface Serializable do? What about Parcelable in Android?
* Why are Array and ArrayList different? When would you use each?
* What’s the difference between an Integer and int?
* What is a ThreadPool? Is it better than using several “simple” threads?
* What the difference between local, instance and class variables?

Mid
* What is reflection?
* What is dependency injection? Can you name a few libraries? (Have you used any?)
* What are strong, soft and weak references in Java?
* What does the keyword synchronized mean?
* Can you have “memory leaks” on Java?
* Do you need to set references to null on Java/Android?
* What does it means to say that a String is immutable?
* What are transient and volatile modifiers?
* What is the finalize() method?
* How does the try{} finally{} works?
* What is the difference between instantiation and initialisation of an object?
* When is a static block run?
* Why are Generics are used in Java?
* Can you mention the design patterns you know? Which of those do you normally use?
* Can you mention some types of testing you know?

Senior
* How does Integer.parseInt() works?
* Do you know what is the “double check locking” problem?
* Do you know the difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder?
* How is a StringBuilder implemented to avoid the immutable string allocation problem?
* What does Class.forName method do?
* What is Autoboxing and Unboxing?
* What’s the difference between an Enumeration and an Iterator?
* What is the difference between fail-fast and fail safe in Java?
* What is PermGen in Java?
* What is a Java priority queue?
* *s performance influenced by using the same number in different types: Int, Double and Float?
* What is the Java Heap?
* What is daemon thread?
* Can a dead thread be restarted?

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100+ Practice Questions

❍ C/C++
❍ Python
❍ JavaScript
❍ Java
❍ C#
❍ Golang

➊ Simple Numbers

➀ Find a digit at a specific place in a number
➁ Find count of digits in a number
➂ Find the largest digit
➃ Find the 2nd largest digit
➄ Find the kth largest digit
➅ Find the smallest digit
➆ Find the 2nd smallest digit
➇ Find the kth smallest digit
➈ Find generic root (sum of all digits) of a number
➉ Reverse the digits in a number
➀➀ Rotate the digits in a number
➀➁ Is the number a palindrome?
➀➂ Find sum of 'n' numbers
➀➃ Check if a number is perfect square
➀➄ Find a number in an AP sequence
➀➅ Find a number in a GP sequence
➀➆ Find a number in fibonacci sequence
➀➇ Check number divisibility by 2, 3, 5, 9
➀➈ Check if a number is primary or not
20. Given a number, print all primes smaller than it
➁➀ Check if a number is circular prime or not
➁➁ Find all prime factors of a number
➁➂ Find the GCD of 2 numbers
➁➃ Find the LCM of 2 numbers
➁➄ Find the factorial of a number
➁➅ Find the exponentiation of a number

➋ Unit Conversion

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➁ Weight (gram, kg, pound)
➂ Height (cm, m, inch, feet)
➃ Temperature (centigrade, fahrenhite)
➄ Distance (km, mile)
➅ Area (m², km², acre)
➆ Volume (ltr, gallon)
➇ Time (sec, min, hour)
➈ Currency

➌ Calculator

➀ Loan EMI Calculator
➁ Fixed Deposit Returns Calculator
➂ Interest Calculator
➃ BMI Calculator
➄ Item Price (considering tax, discount, shipping)
➅ Tip Calculator

➍ Geometry

➀ Find distance between 2 points
➁ Given 2 sides of a right angle triangle, find the 3rd
➂ Find 3rd angle of a triangle when 2 are given
➃ Area of a triangle when 3 sides are given
➄ Area of a right angle triangle
➅ Perimeter of a Square
➆ Area of a Square
➇ Perimeter of a Rectangle
➈ Area of a Rectangle
➉ Circumference of a Circle
➀➀ Area of a Circle
➀➁ Circumference of a Semi-Circle
➀➂ Area of a Semi-Circle
➀➃ Area of a Ring
➀➄ Circumference of an Ellipse
➀➅ Area of an Ellipse
➀➆ Suface Area of a Sphere
➀➇ Volume of a Sphere
➀➈ Surface Area of a Hemisphere
20. Volume of a Hemisphere
➁➀ Surface area of a Cube
➁➁ Volume of a Cube
➁➂ Surface area of a Cylinder
➁➃ Volume of a Cylinder

➎ Vector

➀ Find Scalar Multiplication of a vector
➁ Find addition/subtraction of vectors
➂ Find magnitude of a vector
➃ Find an unit vector along a given vector
➄ Find dot product of 2 vectors
➅ Find cross product of 2 vectors
➆ Check if 2 vectors are orthogonal

➏ Matrix

➀ Find the determinant of a matrix
➁ Find Scalar Multiplication of a matrix
➂ Find addition/subtraction of matrices
➃ Find the transpose of a matrix
➄ Find if 2 matrices are orthogonal
➅ Find inverse of a 2x2 and 3x3 matrix

➐ Set

➀ Find Union of 2 sets
➁ Find Intersection of 2 sets
➂ Find the Difference of 2 sets
➃ Find the Symmetric Difference of 2 sets
➄ Find if a set is subset/superset of another set
➅ Find if 2 sets are disjoints

➑ Special Numbers

➀ Strong Number
➁ Perfect Number
➂ Armstrong Number
➃ Harshad Number
➄ Kaprekar Number
➅ Lychrel Number
➆ Narcissistic Decimal Number
➇ Lucus Number
➈ Catalan Number
➉ Duck Number
➀➀ Ugly Number
➀➁ Abundant Number
➀➂ Deficient Number
➀➃ Automorphic Number
➀➄ Magic Number
➀➅ Friendly Pair Numbers
➀➆ Neon Number
➀➇ Spy Number
➀➈ Happy Number
20. Sunny Number
➁➀ Disarium Number
➁➁ Pronic Number
➁➂ Trimorphic Number
➁➃ Evil Number
➁➄ Amicable Pairs

🚥 Last Words

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⬙ Problems based on numbers are easy to start with and they help in improving your analytical skills.

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