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Hello Connections,

This post is tailored for Java Developers with 2 to 4 years of experience who are preparing for interviews. Below are key questions that are frequently asked:


1. How does HashMap work internally?
2. Can you explain the internal workings of HashSet?
3. What are the key differences between List and Set?
4. Differentiate between Fail-Fast and Fail-Safe iterators.
5. Explain the distinctions between HashMap and ConcurrentHashMap.
6. How do you handle ConcurrentModificationException?
7. Enumerate the different levels of JVM memory.
8. What role does a Class Loader play in Java?
9. Define and differentiate Abstraction and Interface.
10. Do abstract classes have constructors?
11. Explain the SOLID principles in object-oriented design.
12. What are the fundamental concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?
13. List some features introduced in Java 8.
14. Define Stream API in Java and discuss its types.
15. Explain the Singleton Design Pattern.
16. What are Builder, Prototype, and Factory design patterns?
17. Describe the contract between HashCode and Equals methods.
18. What is Synchronization in multithreading?
19. Explain Serialization in Java.
20. What is object cloning, and what are its types?
21. Differentiate between shallow cloning and deep cloning.
22. How can you make a class immutable in Java?
23. Explain how the string constant pool works in Java.

Mastery of these topics will significantly enhance your readiness for Java developer interviews.
Getting Started with Git

๐ŸŽฏ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ถ๐˜: This is the very first command you'll need to use when starting a new project. It initializes a new Git repository in your current directory.

๐ŸŽฏ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—ฐ๐—น๐—ผ๐—ป๐—ฒ <๐—ฟ๐—ฒ๐—ฝ๐—ผ> : To work on an existing project you'll want to clone (copy) it to your local machine. This command does that.

๐— ๐—ฎ๐—ธ๐—ฒ ๐—–๐—ต๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ด๐—ฒ๐˜€

๐ŸŽฏ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐˜€๐˜๐—ฎ๐˜๐˜‚๐˜€: Before making or after making changes it's good practice to check the status of your files. This command will show you any changes that are currently unstaged.

๐ŸŽฏ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—ฎ๐—ฑ๐—ฑ <๐—ณ๐—ถ๐—น๐—ฒ๐—ป๐—ฎ๐—บ๐—ฒ> : After you've made some changes to your files you'll want to stage them for a commit. This command adds a specific file to the stage.

๐ŸŽฏ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—ฎ๐—ฑ๐—ฑ . ๐—ผ๐—ฟ ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—ฎ๐—ฑ๐—ฑ -๐—”: Instead of adding files one by one, you can add all your changed files to the stage with one command.

๐ŸŽฏ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—ฐ๐—ผ๐—บ๐—บ๐—ถ๐˜ -๐—บ "๐—–๐—ผ๐—บ๐—บ๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—บ๐—ฒ๐˜€๐˜€๐—ฎ๐—ด๐—ฒ": Now that your changes are staged, you can commit them with a descriptive message.

๐—•๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฐ๐—ต๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ด

git branch branch_name: This command is used to create new branch.

๐ŸŽฏ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—ฏ๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฐ๐—ต: This command will list all the local branches in your current repository.

๐ŸŽฏ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—ฏ๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฐ๐—ต <๐—ฏ๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฐ๐—ต๐—ป๐—ฎ๐—บ๐—ฒ> : This command creates a new branch.

๐ŸŽฏ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—ฐ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฐ๐—ธ๐—ผ๐˜‚๐˜ <๐—ฏ๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฐ๐—ต๐—ป๐—ฎ๐—บ๐—ฒ> : If you want to switch to a different branch use this command.

๐ŸŽฏ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—บ๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ด๐—ฒ <๐—ฏ๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฐ๐—ต๐—ป๐—ฎ๐—บ๐—ฒ> : Once you've finished making changes in a branch, you'll want to bring those changes into your main branch (usually master). This command does that.

๐—ฅ๐—ฒ๐—บ๐—ผ๐˜๐—ฒ ๐—ฅ๐—ฒ๐—ฝ๐—ผ๐˜€๐—ถ๐˜๐—ผ๐—ฟ๐—ถ๐—ฒ๐˜€

๐ŸŽฏ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—ฝ๐˜‚๐˜€๐—ต ๐—ผ๐—ฟ๐—ถ๐—ด๐—ถ๐—ป <๐—ฏ๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฐ๐—ต๐—ป๐—ฎ๐—บ๐—ฒ> : This command sends your commits to the remote repository.

๐ŸŽฏ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—ฝ๐˜‚๐—น๐—น: If other people are also working on your project you'll want to keep your local repo up-to-date with their changes. This command fetches and merges any changes from the remote repository.

๐ŸŽฏ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ๐—บ๐—ผ๐˜๐—ฒ -๐˜ƒ : To check which remote servers are connected with your local repository.

๐—ž๐—ฒ๐˜† ๐——๐—ถ๐—ณ๐—ณ๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ๐—ป๐—ฐ๐—ฒ๐˜€

๐ŸŽฏ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—ณ๐—ฒ๐˜๐—ฐ๐—ต ๐˜ƒ๐˜€ ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—ฝ๐˜‚๐—น๐—น: Both download data from a remote repository. However, git fetch just downloads it without integrating it while git pull also merges it into your local files.

๐ŸŽฏ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—บ๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ด๐—ฒ ๐˜ƒ๐˜€ ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ๐—ฏ๐—ฎ๐˜€๐—ฒ: Both incorporate changes from one branch to another. git merge combines the source and target branches via a new commit, whereas git rebase moves or combines commits to a new base, making a cleaner history.

๐ŸŽฏ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ๐˜€๐—ฒ๐˜ ๐˜ƒ๐˜€ ๐—ด๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ๐˜ƒ๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐˜: Both are used to undo changes. git reset discards local changes completely, while git revert undoes public changes by creating a new reversing commit thereby preserving history.

Git is an extremely powerful tool with plenty more commands and options.
However, this guide gives you a good start & reference point as you continue to explore and leverage Git for your version control needs.

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๐—ฆ๐—ผ๐—ณ๐˜๐˜„๐—ฎ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐—”๐—ฟ๐—ฐ๐—ต๐—ถ๐˜๐—ฒ๐—ฐ๐˜๐˜‚๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐—ฃ๐—ฎ๐˜๐˜๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ป๐˜€: ๐— ๐—ฉ๐—–, ๐— ๐—ฉ๐—ฃ, ๐— ๐—ฉ๐—œ, ๐— ๐—ฉ๐—ฉ๐— , ๐—ฉ๐—œ๐—ฃ๐—˜๐—ฅ


Design patterns are essential tools for any developer, offering a framework for structuring code in a clean, maintainable, and scalable way.

Today, we'll delve into five of the most popular design patterns, exploring their strengths and weaknesses to help you choose the right fit for your next project.

๐— ๐—ฉ๐—– (๐— ๐—ผ๐—ฑ๐—ฒ๐—น-๐—ฉ๐—ถ๐—ฒ๐˜„-๐—–๐—ผ๐—ป๐˜๐—ฟ๐—ผ๐—น๐—น๐—ฒ๐—ฟ):

- Classic pattern separating code into three layers:
- ๐— ๐—ผ๐—ฑ๐—ฒ๐—น: Data and business logic
- ๐—ฉ๐—ถ๐—ฒ๐˜„: Presentation of data to the user
- ๐—–๐—ผ๐—ป๐˜๐—ฟ๐—ผ๐—น๐—น๐—ฒ๐—ฟ: Handles user input and updates model/view
- Simple and familiar, but can lead to tightly coupled components in complex applications.

๐— ๐—ฉ๐—ฃ (๐— ๐—ผ๐—ฑ๐—ฒ๐—น-๐—ฉ๐—ถ๐—ฒ๐˜„-๐—ฃ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ๐˜€๐—ฒ๐—ป๐˜๐—ฒ๐—ฟ):

- Introduces a Presenter to mediate between view and model.
- Improves separation of concerns and testability.
- Requires additional boilerplate code compared to MVC.

๐— ๐—ฉ๐—œ (๐— ๐—ผ๐—ฑ๐—ฒ๐—น-๐—ฉ๐—ถ๐—ฒ๐˜„-๐—œ๐—ป๐˜๐—ฒ๐—ป๐˜):

- Built for reactive programming.
- View emits intents, handled by the model, updating state and view.
- Promotes unidirectional data flow and simplifies UI logic.
- May require a steeper learning curve.

๐— ๐—ฉ๐—ฉ๐—  (๐— ๐—ผ๐—ฑ๐—ฒ๐—น-๐—ฉ๐—ถ๐—ฒ๐˜„-๐—ฉ๐—ถ๐—ฒ๐˜„๐— ๐—ผ๐—ฑ๐—ฒ๐—น):

- View binds to a ViewModel holding data and display logic.
- ViewModel updates by the model, then updates the view.
- Well-suited for reactive frameworks and complex UIs.
- Requires additional ViewModel setup compared to MVP.

๐—ฉ๐—œ๐—ฃ๐—˜๐—ฅ (๐—ฉ๐—ถ๐—ฒ๐˜„, ๐—œ๐—ป๐˜๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—ฐ๐˜๐—ผ๐—ฟ, ๐—ฃ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ๐˜€๐—ฒ๐—ป๐˜๐—ฒ๐—ฟ, ๐—˜๐—ป๐˜๐—ถ๐˜๐˜†, ๐—ฅ๐—ผ๐˜‚๐˜๐—ฒ๐—ฟ):

- Designed for large and complex applications.
- Five layers: View, Interactor (business logic), Presenter (data preparation), Entity (data models), Router (data flow coordination).
- Enhances modularity and maintainability for massive projects.
- Requires meticulous planning and understanding due to its complexity.

๐—–๐—ต๐—ผ๐—ผ๐˜€๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ด ๐˜๐—ต๐—ฒ ๐—ฅ๐—ถ๐—ด๐—ต๐˜ ๐—ฃ๐—ฎ๐˜๐˜๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ป:

The optimal pattern depends on various factors, including:

- ๐—ฃ๐—ฟ๐—ผ๐—ท๐—ฒ๐—ฐ๐˜ ๐˜€๐—ถ๐˜‡๐—ฒ ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฑ ๐—ฐ๐—ผ๐—บ๐—ฝ๐—น๐—ฒ๐˜…๐—ถ๐˜๐˜†: MVC/MVP for simple apps, MVI/MVVM for reactive apps, VIPER for large projects.
- ๐—ง๐—ฒ๐—ฎ๐—บ ๐—ฒ๐˜…๐—ฝ๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ถ๐—ฒ๐—ป๐—ฐ๐—ฒ: Choose a pattern familiar to your team to avoid learning curves.
- ๐—ฃ๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐˜€๐—ผ๐—ป๐—ฎ๐—น ๐—ฝ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ๐—ณ๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ๐—ป๐—ฐ๐—ฒ: Experiment and find what works best for you and your team.


Ultimately, experimenting and finding what works best for you and your team is key.

What do you think?

Which software architecture pattern is your favorite?
๐—–๐—ผ๐—บ๐—ฝ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ถ๐—ฒ๐˜€ ๐˜„๐—ต๐—ถ๐—ฐ๐—ต ๐—ต๐—ถ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐—ณ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ๐˜€๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐˜€ ๐—ข๐—ณ๐—ณ-๐—–๐—ฎ๐—บ๐—ฝ๐˜‚๐˜€ ๐—ธ๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ฑ๐—น๐˜† ๐˜€๐—ฎ๐˜ƒ๐—ฒ ๐—ถ๐˜ & ๐˜€๐—ต๐—ฎ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐—ถ๐˜ ๐Ÿ™Œ๐Ÿ’ฏ

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