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What is a Database?
We will not get into more detailed explanation about the database but just a breif for undertsanding.

Database is a collection of data stored in a computer disc space or server space. In simple words it is a space where your data is been stored.

In a single database we can create any number of data tables. It's like a school with many classrooms and each classroom will have different school students.

In a single data table we create any number of columns For eg. studentID, studentName, studentAddress and in a single data table we can store data for specific topic.

Like to store student's records you can have students data table, For school accounts you can have accounts data table, For school results you can have results data table.

There are commonly used databases in our IT Zone

SQL - Microsoft SQL Server

Oracle - Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle

MYSQL - Open Source Freeware

MSACESS - Microsoft Access

PostgreSQL - ORDBMS

SAP - To manage customer relationship and other business operations

FoxPro - Database

IBM DB2 - IBM Database by IBM

Now in further we will try to understand about data manipulation statements i.e. (Insert, Select, Update and Delete).

About Data Manipulation Statements
Select Statement
Select statement let you to retrieve the data from the database table.

For ex : In simple words if you want to pick up single student record, multiple student records or all students records from the table database you just need to use "Select" statement.

Example


Select * from 'students'
"*" - Means All
Roll Name Class Address
1 Rahul Kumar Tiwari Class9 Varanasi UP India
2 Babita class7 Delhi
4 Master Jojo Class7 Kanpur India

Select * from tbl_Student;



create procedure sp_InsertStudent
@Name nvarchar(50),
@Class nvarchar(50),
@Address nvarchar(50)
as
begin
insert into tbl_Student(Name,Class,Address) values(@Name,@Class,@Address)
end
go


-----------
create procedure sp_UpdateStudent
@Roll int,
@Name nvarchar(50),
@Class nvarchar(50),
@Address nvarchar(50)
as
begin
update tbl_Student set Name=@Name,Class=@Class,Address=@Address where Roll=@Roll

end
go

--------
create procedure sp_DeleteStudent
@Roll int
as
begin
Delete from tbl_Student where Roll=@Roll

end
go
πŸ‘‰πŸ»What is RDBMS And Normalization?

Relational Data Base Management Systems (RDBMS) are
database management systems that maintain data records
and indices in tables. Relationships may be created and
maintained across and among the data and tables. In a
relational database, relationships between data items are
expressed by means of tables. Interdependencies among
these tables are expressed by data values rather than by
pointers. This allows a high degree of data independence. An
RDBMS has the capability to recombine the data items from
different files, providing powerful tools for data usage.
What are the properties of the relational tables?

Relational tables have the following five properties:
πŸš€Β· Values are atomic.
πŸš€Β· Column values are of the same kind.
πŸš€Β· The sequence of columns is insignificant.
πŸš€Β· The sequence of rows is insignificant.
πŸš€Β· Each column must have a unique name.
πŸ‘‰πŸ»What is normalization?

Database normalization is a data design and organizational
process applied to data structures based on rules that help
build relational databases. In relational database design, the
process of organizing data to minimize redundancy is called
normalization. Normalization usually involves dividing
database data into different tables and defining relationships
between the tables. The objective is to isolate data so that
additions, deletions, and modifications of a field can be made
in just one table and then retrieved through the rest of the
database via the defined relationships.
The key traits for Normalization are eliminating redundant data and
ensuring data dependencies.

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πŸ‘‰πŸ»What is de-normalization?

De-normalization is the process of attempting to optimize the
performance of a database by adding redundant data. It is
sometimes necessary because current DBMSs implement the
relational model poorly. A true relational DBMS would allow
for a fully normalized database at the logical level, while
providing physical storage of data that is tuned for high
performance. De-normalization is a technique to move from
higher to lower normal forms of database modeling in order
to speed up database access.

De-normalizing the database design allows for fewer joins with
tables and foreign key requirements. This method is commonly used
for Reporting and OLAP workloads.
πŸ‘‰πŸ»How is the ACID property related to databases?

ACID (an acronym for Atomicity Consistency Isolation
Durability) is a concept that database professionals generally
look for while evaluating relational databases and application
architectures. For a reliable database, all four of these
attributes should be achieved:

🌱Atomicity is an all-or-none rule for database modifications.

🌱Consistency guarantees that a transaction never leaves your
database in a half-finished state.

🌱Isolation keeps transactions separated from each other until
they are finished.

🌱Durability guarantees that the database will keep track of
pending changes in such a way that the server can recover
from an abnormal termination and committed transactions
will not be lost.

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