Civil Services Pdf Notes
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CivilServices Pdf Notes

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*🛡️Pyrenees Mountains*

♟️Pyrenees Mountains are a chain of mountains in southwestern Europe that form a natural border between Spain and France.
♟️It is a fold mountain chain created by the continental collision of the microcontinent of Iberia with the massive Eurasian plate .
♟️They are quite old mountains in comparison to the Alps.
♟️It extends for about 500 km from the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea in the east to the Bay of Biscay (Atlantic Ocean) in the west .
♟️Politically, it is divided into the Spanish and French Pyrenees.
♟️The tiny country of Andorra is found sandwiched between them, in the eastern part of the Pyrenees Mountains.
♟️It separates the rest of continental Europe from the Iberian Peninsula.
*🛡️Trans - Himalayas*

♟️Lies immediately north of Great himalayan ranges.

♟️Also known as Tibetan Himalaya because lies in Tibet.

♟️Average elevation - 3000m.

♟️Average width - 40km in extremities and about 225km in Central part.

♟️Distance of about 1000km in east - west direction.

♟️This contain Tethys sediments. Rocks of this region contain fossil marine sediments but underlain by Tetitiary granite.

♟️The Zaskar, Ladakh, Kailash and Karakoram are main ranges.

♟️K2 lies here.
*🛡️Greenland*

♟️Greenland - the world's largest island which is not a continent - is located in the Arctic.

♟️It is also the most sparsely populated territory. About 56,000 people live there, mostly indigenous Inuit people. About 80% of its territory is covered by ice, meaning most people live on the south-western coast around the capital, Nuuk.

♟️An autonomous - or self-governing - territory of Denmark, it is also home to Danish and US military bases.
Greenland's economy is mainly based on fishing. Large subsidies from the Danish government account for about a fifth of its income, or GDP.

♟️In recent years, there has been increased interest in Greenland's natural resources, including mining for rare earth minerals, uranium and iron.
*🛡️Major Ports on Eastern Coast*

*♟️1) Tutocorin (Tamil Nadu):-* artificial port located in Gulf of Mannar, all-weather port, trades in fertilizers and petrochemical products

*♟️2) Chennai (Tamil Nadu):-* artificial port, India's second busiest port

*♟️3) Ennore (Tamil Nadu):-* India's first corporatised port

*♟️4) Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh):-* deepest port of India, deals with the export of iron ore to Japan, with ship-building and fixing facilities

*♟️5) Paradip (Odisha):-* natural harbour, deals with the export of Iron and Aluminum

*♟️6) Haldia (West Bengal):-* riverine port, situated on Hugli River, known as Diamond Harbour, formed to relieve pressure on Kolkata port

*♟️7) Kolkata (West Bengal):-* riverine port, oldest operating port in India, constructed by British East India Company, trades in jute, tea, coal and steel.
🫟 Happy Holi Dear Students! 🫟

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May this festival of colors fill your life with happiness, success, and bright opportunities. Keep learning, keep shining! 🌈
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Critical Minerals.pdf
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🌏Gulf of Eilat

♟️It is also known as Gulf of Aqaba which is the northeastern extension of the Red Sea.
♟️The northern portion of the Red Sea is divided by the Sinai Peninsula into the Gulf of Aqaba in the east and the Gulf of Suez in the west. 
♟️It is located along the southeastern edge of the Sinai Peninsula and to the west of the Arabian Peninsula. 
♟️It forms an integral part of the East African Rift System and was created by seismic activity along the Afro-Syrian Rift.
♟️The Tiran Strait connects the Gulf of Aqaba with the Red Sea. It also serves as a connecting point between the continents of Asia and Africa.
♟️It supports unique and diverse aquatic ecosystems and serves as a vital habitat for some of the world’s richest coral reefs.
♟️It is bordered by the countries of Israel, Jordan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.
♟️Some of the major cities that are situated on the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba include Taba (Egypt), Eilat (Israel), and Aqaba (Jordan). 
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Heartiest congratulations to Astha Jain for securing AIR 9 in UPSC 2025 🎉. She was part of our 2023 Mentorship Program, where she had secured AIR 131 in UPSC 2023. The foundation of her journey was shaped with the right mentorship and guidance.
History repeats itself as she rises to AIR 9 in 2025 🌟.

Do connect with us here

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*Correct order to river from North to South*

*Trick:-* " I am JhaCass Respected BosS "

♟️I : Indus
♟️J : Jehlum
♟️C : Chenab
♟️R : Ravi
♟️B : Beas
♟️S : Satluj
*🛡️Countries through which Tropic of Capricorn Passes*

*💎Trick:- CAB PNB Se Mumbai Aai.*

♟️C : Chile,
♟️A : Argentina,
♟️B : Brazil,
♟️P : Paraguay,
♟️N : Namibia,
♟️B : Botswana,
♟️S : South Africa,
♟️M : Mozambique,
♟️M : Madagascar,
♟️A: Australia.

*Hit 👍❤️👌To Appreciate our Consistent Efforts.*
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Heartiest congratulations to Astha Jain for securing AIR 9 in UPSC 2025 🎉. She was part of our 2023 Mentorship Program, where she had secured AIR 131 in UPSC 2023. The foundation of her journey was shaped with the right mentorship and guidance.
History repeats itself as she rises to AIR 9 in 2025 🌟.

Do connect with us here

https://t.me/northstarinstitute
*Happy International Women's Day*