IELTS Vocabulary: Cities and infrastructure 🏬

🌟 Innovations – new ideas or things;
(yangi g’oya va narsalar)

Mobile computing was one of the great innovations of the last ten years.
Mobil hisoblash so'nggi o'n yillikning eng katta yangiliklaridan biri edi.

🌟 Outdated – old-fashioned and not relevant today;
(eskirgan)

I find that our political are very outdated these days.
Menimcha, bugungi kunda bizning siyosatimiz juda eskirgan.

🌟 Urban sprawl – the situation where a city expands and building are constructed without control and laws;
(shaharlarning kengayishi)

Urban sprawls have resulted in the rapid expansion of many Asian cities, with resulting damage to the environment.
Shaharlarning kengayishi natijasida ko'plab Osiyo shaharlari tez kengayib, atrof -muhitga zarar yetdi.

🌟 Overcrowding – a situation where too many people try to live in one place;
(haddan tashqari ko’p odamlar)

Hong Kong has managed its overcrowding problem very skillfully.
Gonkong haddan tashqari to'lib toshgan odamlar muammosini juda mohirona hal qildi.

🌟 Conurbations – very large cities which have absorbed other towns;
(boshqa shaharlarni o'zlashtirgan juda katta shaharlar)

Sao Paolo is a huge conurbation in Brazil and it is still expanding.
San -Paolo - Braziliyadagi ulkan konurbatsiya va u hali ham kengayib bormoqda.

🌟 Congestion – situation of too many traffic, causing delays;
(tirbandlik)

I have to leave home very early in the morning, because of the congestion on the way to my college.
Men kollejga boradigan yo'lda tirbandlik bo'lgani uchun uydan juda erta chiqib ketishim kerak.

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IELTS Writing Vocabulary 📝 (Part III)

⭕️ COMMODITY
1) a substance or product that can be traded, bought, or sold (tovar, mol, iste'mol buyumi)

The country's most valuable commodities include tin and diamonds.

2) a valuable quality; something that's useful (foydali xususiyat)

Time is a valuable commodity.

⭕️ CONSECUTIVE - following one after another in a continuous series (ketma ket davom etadigan)

This is the fifth consecutive weekend that I've spent working.

⭕️ CORRELATE - if two or more facts, numbers, etc. correlate or are correlated, there is a relationship between them (o'zaro munosabatda bo'lmoq, o'zaro aloqada bo'lmoq)

Stress levels and heart disease are strongly correlated.

⭕️ DEPRIVE - to take something, especially something necessary or pleasant, away from someone (mahrum etmoq)

He claimed that he had been deprived of his freedom/rights.

⭕️ DETERIORATE - to become worse (yomonlashmoq, keskinlashmoq, og'irlashmoq)

She was taken into hospital last week when her condition suddenly deteriorated.

The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly.

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#listening. New Guinea👇

🔰Listen and answer questions

🔸New Guinea

1-10. Questions 1-4 Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

1⃣ The Eastern side of the island of New Guinea, Papua New Guinea, became an _ _ _ _ _ _
in 1975.

2⃣ Only 18% of the inhabitants of Papua New Guinea reside in _ _ _ _ _ _

3⃣ Papua New Guinea tribes should be seen as separate _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

4⃣ There are a small number of tribes who have had no _ _ _ _ _ _ with neighbouring groups and the world beyond.

Questions 5-10 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Tribes of Papua New Guinea Huli-Wigmen
• 40,000 members
• decorate their faces with 5⃣ _ _ _ _
• have belts of pigtails, apron of leaves, wigs made of own hair
• do dances which imitate local birds

Asaro mud men

• cover their bodies in mud to resemble 6⃣ _ _ _ _ _ order to frighten off other tribes
in
• have very long fingernails
• put on 7⃣ _ _ _ _ _
to make themselves look fiercer

Chimbu skeleton dancers

• Men and women used to live in separate houses.
• Now families live together.
• Now perform dances for the benefit of 8⃣ _ _ _ _ _

Mount Hagan Sing-Sing

• Over 50 tribes take part.
• Begun by 9⃣ _ _ _ _ _ in 1961 to bring together tribes in peace.
• Tribespeople wear headdresses made of flowers, shells and feathers.
• Some loss of authenticity, such as the replacement of 1⃣0⃣ _ _ _ _ _ dyes on their wonderful costumes with artificial ones.

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🔰Listening section 1

🔸New Guinea

1⃣independent country
2⃣urban areas/ cities
3⃣social groups
4⃣contact
5⃣yellow paint
6⃣(river) spirits
7⃣{terrifying) masks
8⃣tourists
9⃣government
1⃣0⃣natural

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💡Proverb:
"A bad workman always blames his tools”

🧐Meaning:
This proverb is used when someone blames the quality of their equipment or other external factors when they perform a task poorly.

✅Example:
X: “The turkey isn’t cooked well because the oven is not functioning well.” Y: “Well, it’s the case of a bad workman blaming his tools.”

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Education - ta'lim

▪️first year - birinchi kurs
▪️second year - ikkinchi kurs
▪️I’m on a scholarship - Men stipendiya olaman
▪️carriculum - dastur
▪️dean - dekan
▪️department - fakultet
▪️diploma - diplom
▪️faculty - fakultet
▪️to graduate - oliy o’quv yurtni tugatmoq
▪️hostel - yotoqxona
▪️laboratory - laborotoriya
▪️lecture - leksiya
▪️lecture-room - auditoriya
▪️library - kutubxona
▪️pupil - o’quvchi
▪️reading-hall - o’qish zali
▪️rector - rektor
▪️report - doklad,maruza
▪️schedule - dars jadvali
▪️school-year - o’quv yili
▪️thesis - dissertasiya
▪️to train - o’qitmoq

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☘️ Advantage / Disadvantage

✅ Q:Online shopping has various advantages for consumers, but it may also have several disadvantages including the loss of individual privacy.
Do the advantages of online shopping for consumers outweigh the disadvantages?

💡 Answer:

Buying things from internet has numerous benefits, albeit it may also have some drawbacks, like the loss of individual privacy. In my view, the benefits of online shopping for customers more than negative points and in this essay, I will explain why.

Firstly, it is convenient for everyone, especially, for parents with small children and people who work throughout the day as online shopping venues are available any time, day or night. Secondly, prices of things are cheaper than stores or shops and also you can compare prices from various vendors. In addition to this, it has more payment methods, consequently, people can pay for things in variety ways, such as PayPal or bitcoin. Finally, but not least, it is easy for buyers to access other consumers' reviews about the product, which they want to purchase, if they are not sure.

On the other hand, there are a number of disadvantages of online shopping, such as the loss of individual privacy since internet is full of hackers who can easily steal your identity. Another negative point is that you can not touch or try things on and as a result of it, we can not know the quality of product and also it is suitable for us or not. Following this, after you order something you will have to wait its delivery. It takes time depend on online shopping sites from a week to a month to deliver your order.

In conclusion, whereas there are several drawbacks of buying online, like time and possibility of loosing privacy, I think the advantages of online shopping with convenience and cheap prices outweigh the disadvantages significantly.


📍: Feedback on Essay in Comment

✍ Total words: 273

📍Band: ♻️

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DO and MAKE

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➕Mavzu: Present simple (questions) - Oddiy hozirgi zamonning so’roq shakli

➖Oddiy hozirgi zamondagi gapni savolga aylantirish uchun gapning boshiga "Do / Does" so'zlaridan birini qo'shamiz:
• I work - Men ishlayman.
Do I work? - Men ishlaymanmi?

➕What, Where, How kabi so'roq so'zlar gapning boshida keladi, keyin "do/does", keyin qolgan so'zlar keladi. Ba'zan often (tez-tez), never (hech qachon), sometimes (ba'zida), usually (odatda), always (doim) kabi so'zlar ham "do/does"dan oldin kelishi mumkin.

• What do you do? - Nima ish qilasiz?
➖Bundagi birinchi "do" oddiy hozirgi zamonni bildiruvchi so'z, ikkinchi "do" - qilmoq ma'nosidagi mustaqil so'z bo'lib kelyapdi.

➖Savol berayotganda 3-shaxs birlikda (he/she/it) "does" ishlatiladi.
• Does he live in Uzbekistan? - U O'zbekistonda yashaydimi?

➕Savollarga qisqa javoblar berish mumkin:
O'zingiz haqingizda - Yes, I do yoki No, I don't.
2-shaxsda - Yes, you do yoki No, you don't.
3-shaxs birlikda erkak bo'lsa - Yes, he does yoki No, he doesn't.
3-shaxs birlikda ayol bo'lsa - Yes, she does yoki No, she doesn't.
3-shaxs birlikda jinsi noma'lum yoki odam bo'lmasa - Yes, it does yoki No, it doesn't.
3-shaxs ko'plikda - Yes, they do yoki No, they don't.
➖Hammasi "ha" yoki "yo'q" degan ma'noda ishlatiladi.

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Band 7+ Vocabulary for IELTS 🔥🔥🔥

Informal Formal

❌ Ask for ✅Request (so'ramoq)

❌Look into ✅ Investigate (taftish qilmoq)

❌ Hungry ✅ Famished (och qolgan)

❌ But ✅ However (ammo)

❌ Mad ✅ Insane (aqldan ozgan)

❌ Let ✅ Allow (ruxsat bermoq)

❌ Worse ✅ Inferior (yomonroq)

❌ Keep ✅ Preserve (saqlamoq)

❌ Dim ✅ Indistinct (noaniq)

❌ Death ✅ Demise (o'lim)

❌ Job ✅ Occupation (kasb)

❌ Dad ✅ Father (ota)

❌ Hopeless ✅ Futile (behuda)

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IELTS Listening: capital letters and plurals 🎧📚

Here are two common questions about the IELTS listening test:

Is it acceptable to use lower case instead of upper case e.g. "central station" when the answer is "Central Station"?

Will you lose marks if you miss the "s" when the answer should be plural?

Here are my answers:

Using lower case is fine, so "central station" would be correct. You can even write everything in capital letters if you want.

Missing the "s" is sometimes acceptable and sometimes not. It's not acceptable when the grammar requires a plural e.g. "the journey takes three hour" would be wrong. Some answers can be singular or plural. Check the context of the question and the sentence grammar carefully.

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📑 Word list


🟧 ancestor [n.] — ajdod
▪️>> An ancestor is a family member from the past. >> An ancestor bu o'tmishdan qolgan oila a'zosi.

— My ancestors came from Germany.
— Mening ajdodlarim Germaniyalik bo'lishgan.


🟧 angle [n.] — taraf, tomon, burchak
▪️>> An angle is the direction from which you look at something. >> An angle siz biror narsaga qaraydigan yo'nalish.

— The giraffe turned its head to see from another angle.
— Jirafa boshqa burchakdan ko'rish uchun boshini burdi.


🟧 boot [n.] — etik
▪️>> A boot is a heavy shoe that goes over your ankle. >> A boot to'piqdan tepaga chiqadigan og'ir poyabzal.

— He wore boots so that his feet wouldn’t get wet.
— U oyog'i ho'l bo'lmasin deb etiklarini kiydi.


🟧 border [n.] — chegara
▪️>> A border is the edge of an area. >> A border biror joyning qirg'og'i.

— The postcard had a pretty green border of pine needles.
— Pochtada qarag'ay ignalarining yashil chegarasi bor edi.


🟧 congratulate [v.] — tabriklamoq, qutlamoq
▪️>> To congratulate someone is to tell them that you are happy for them. >> Birortasini congratulate qilish siz u uchun hursand ekanligingizni aytish degani.

— Bill and Angela congratulated each other on a job well done.
— Bil va Anjela yaxshi qilingan ish uchun bir birini tabriklashdi.

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💡Idiom:
"Ace up one’s sleeve”

🧐Meaning:
A secret or hidden advantage that you can use when you need it

✅Example:
Murali, the mystery bowler whom the opposite team has never played, is an ace up the home team’s sleeve.

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📑 Word list


🟧 frame [n.] — ramka
▪️>> A frame is a border for a picture or mirror. >> A frame bu rasm yoki oynaning chegarasi.

— I have to get a frame for my friend’s picture.
— Men do'stimning surati uchun ramka olishim kerak.


🟧 heaven [n.] — jannat
▪️>> Heaven is the place that some people believe people go when they die. >> Heaven bu ba'zi odamlar odamlar o'lganda borishadi deb ishonishadigan joy.

— When I die, I hope that I go to heaven.
— Men o'lganimda, jannatga tushaman deb umid qilaman.


🟧 incredible [adj.] — aqlga sig'mas
▪️>> If someone or something is incredible, it is hard to believe they are true. >> Agar kimdir yoki biror narsa incredible bo'lsa, uning haqiqatligiga ishonish qiyin.

— I have an incredible story to tell you about my vacation.
— Sizga ta'tilim haqida aytib beradigan aqlga sig'mas hikoyam bor.


🟧 legend [n.] — afsona
▪️>> A legend is a story from the past. >> A legend bu o'tmishdagi hikoya.

— There is a well-known legend about a king and his queen.
— Shoh va uning malikasi haqida mashhur afsona bor.


🟧 praise [v.] — maqtamoq
▪️>> To praise is to show that you like someone or something. >> To praise bu kimgadir yoki nimanidir yoqtirishingizni ko'rsatishdir.

— Тhе coach praised both athletes after a good practice.
— Murabbiy yaxshi mashg'ulotdan so'ng ikkala sportchini ham maqtadi.

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Oila va qarindosh urug'chilik bilan bog'liq so'zlar

📌Family - Oila
📌Parents - ota ona
📌Father - ota
📌Mother - ona
📌Sister - opa, singil
📌Brother - aka, uka
📌Son - o'g'il
📌daughter - qiz
📌Grandfather - bobo
📌Grandmother - buvi
📌Granchildren - nabiralar
📌Grandson - nabira(o'g'il)
📌Granddaughter - nabira(qiz)
📌Uncle - amaki, tog'a
📌Aunt - xola, amma
📌Nephew - jiyan
📌Niece - jiyan(qiz)
📌Bridegroom - kuyov
📌bride - kelin
📌Husband - er
📌wife - xotin
📌To adopt - o'g'il qilib olmoq
📌Adopted child - asrandi bola
📌Aged - keksa
📌Ancestor - ota-bobo, ajdod
📌Baby - chaqaloq
📌Birth - tug'ilish
📌To bring up - tarbiyalamoq
📌Childhood - bolalik
📌Domestic - oilaviy
📌First-born - to'ng'ich
📌Generation - avlod
📌To give birth to - tug'moq
📌Guardian - vasiy
📌Heir - merosxo'r
📌Heiress - merosxo'r
📌Honeymoon - uylangandan keyingi birinchi oy(asal oyi)
📌Host - uy egasi(sohib)
📌Hostess - uy bekasi(sohiba)
📌Orphan - yetim
📌Pet - erka
📌Relative - qarindosh
📌Stepdaughter - o'gay qiz
📌Stepson - o'gay o'g'il
📌Stepfather - o'gay ota
📌Stepmother - o'gay ona
📌Twins - egizaklar
📌Wedding - to'y

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📑 Word list


🟧 proceed [v.] — bir yo'nalishdan bormoq
▪️>> To proceed is to go in a certain direction. >> To proceed ma'lum bir yo'nalishda bormoq degani.

— My son and I proceeded to the beach so we could go fishing.
— O'g'lim va men dengizga bordik, shuning uchun baliq ovlashga borishimiz mumkin edi.


🟧 pure [adj.] — sof, musaffo
▪️>> If something is pure, it is very clear and beautiful. >> Agar biror narsa pure bo'lsa, u juda toza va chiroyli.

— The rose was pure. It had no dirt or imperfections.
— Atirgul toza edi. Unda hech qanday kir yoki nuqson yo'q edi.


🟧 relative [n.] — qarindosh
▪️>> A relative is a family member. >> A relative bu oila a'zosi.

— My relatives came by to see the new baby.
— Qarindoshlarim yangi chaqaloqni ko'rgani kelishdi.


🟧 senior [adj.] — katta yoshdagi
▪️>> If one is senior, they are the oldest or have been there the longest. >> Agar kimdir senior bo'lsa, ular eng keksa yoki u yerda eng uzoq bo'lgan bo'ladi.

— Because he got his job first, Bob is the senior chef.
— U o'z ishini birinchi bo'lib olganligi sababli, Bob katta oshpaz.


🟧 silent [adj.] — jim, sokin, tinch
▪️>> If someone or something is silent, they make no sound. >> Agar birortasi yoki biror narsa silent bo'lsa, u ovoz chiqarmaydi.

— Since no one was home, the house was silent.
— Uyda hech kim yo'qligi sababli, uy sokin edi.


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☘️ Discuss both views

✅Q: Some people say that the main environmental problem of our time is the loss of particular species of plants and animals. Others say that there are more important environmental problems.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

💡 Answer:

Our world is facing a wide variety of environmental challenges nowadays. These range from pollution of the atmosphere and the associated global warming phenomenon to the depletion of natural resources. While some argue that biodiversity decline is the most pressing environmental issue, I believe other environmental problems are more critical and urgent.

On the one hand, the extinction of some species of flora and fauna is a serious and alarming issue. Every day we hear that more and more species of plants and animals are on the edge of disappearing because of global warming and human encroachment. The most obvious victim is coral which is at risk of extinction because the ocean water has grown more and more acidic as a result of all the carbon dioxide it has absorbed. Eventually, the loss of biodiversity will pose a significant threat to mankind, including the a reduction in the quality and amount of food resources, clean water, and breathable air.

On the other hand, it cannot be denied that the global environment is facing more serious problems. Firstly, rising seas and extreme weather events, due to climate change, are having devastating consequences in many regions around the world. In the vast majority of developing countries, people depend heavily on the natural environment but are now facing more frequent and longer droughts, forest fires and desertification. Similarly, air pollution is considered a significant environmental issue with serious effects on people’s health. Humans are suffering from a wide range of respiratory diseases from being exposed to contaminated air. In addition, global warming and pollution of the biosphere are expected to compound other environmental problems, including the extinction of many kinds of species.

In conclusion, the loss of biodiversity is not the most critical environmental issue we face. Others, including climate change and air pollution, are more urgent due to their devastating effects.

✍ Total words: 309

📍Band: 7.5+

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Longman
DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH😉

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📑 Word list


🟧 sink [v.] — cho'kmoq
▪️>> To sink into something is to slowly fall into it. >> Biror narsa ichiga sink bo'lish uni ichiga sekin tushish degani.

— The boat had a hole in it, and it sank into the ocean.
— Qayiqning ichida teshigi bor edi, va u okeanga cho'kib ketdi.


🟧 superior [adj.] — ustun, yuqori
▪️>> If someone or something is superior, they are better than another. >> Agar birortasi yoki biror narsa superior bo'lsa, u boshqa biror narsadan yaxshiroq.

— I think cooking outdoors is superior to cooking indoors.
— Menimcha tashqarida ovqat pishirish ichkarida pishirishdan yaxshi.


🟧 surround [v.] — o'rab olmoq
▪️>> To surround something is to close in on it from all sides. >> Biror narsani surround qilish unga har tarafdan yaqinlashish degani.

— We surrounded the suspect on all four sides.
— Biz gumon qilinuvchini to'rt tarafdan o'rab oldik.


🟧 thick [adj.] — qalin, keng
▪️>> If something is thick, it is wide and solid. >> Agar biror narsa thick bo'lsa, u keng va qalin.

— The fog was so thick that I couldn't see through it.
— Tuman shunchalik qalin ediki, undan hech nima ko'ra olmasdim.


🟧 wrap [v.] — o'ramoq
▪️>> To wrap is to cover something on all sides. >> To wrap biror narsani har tarafdan o'rash degani.

— I wrapped his gift and put a bow on it.
— Men uning sovg'asini o'rab, ustiga kamon qo'ydim.

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ENGLISH COOKING VERBS 👨‍🍳🧑‍🍳🍳
#vocabulary

☘️ BARBECUE - to cook food on a barbecue (ko'rada pishirmoq)

We barbecued chicken and ribs.

☘️ CHOP - to cut something into pieces with an axe, knife, or other sharp instrument (to'g'ramoq)

Finely chop the cabbage and cook it in boiling salted water.

☘️ MINCE - to cut food, especially meat, into very small pieces, often using a special machine (qiymalamoq)

She minced the garlic.

☘️ KNEAD - to press something, especially a mixture for making bread, firmly and repeatedly with the hands and fingers (qormoq)

Please continue to knead the dough by hand until it is mixed to a consistent texture.

☘️ PEEL - to remove the skin of fruit and vegetables (archmoq)

They peeled back the sheet to display the new sculpture.

☘️ GRATE - to rub food against a grater in order to cut it into a lot of small pieces (qirmoq, maydalamoq (qirg'ichda))

Grate the cheese and sprinkle it over the tomatoes.

☘️ STIR - to mix a liquid or other substance by moving an object such as a spoon in a circular pattern (aralashtirmoq)

Stir one cup of sugar into the batter.

☘️ SIMMER - to cook something liquid, or something with liquid in it, at a temperature slightly below boiling (past olovda qaynatmoq)

The chicken was simmered in a cream sauce.

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