Acidity of phenols : Phenols are more acidic than alcohol because
conjugate base of phenol (phenoxide ion) is resonance stabilised.
conjugate base of phenol (phenoxide ion) is resonance stabilised.
[B] Reaction of phenols :
(a) Electrophilic aromatic substitution
(i) Nitration dil/HNO3 mono
Conc/HNO3 picric acid
(II) Halogenation
Br2/cs2 mono
Br2/H20 2,4,6 tribromophenol ( white ppt)
(b) Kolbe’s reaction
(Salicylic acid)
(c) Reimer-Tiemann reaction
Salicylaldehyde
(D) Na2cr2O7/h2so4 : (Benzoquinone)
Zn : Benzene
(a) Electrophilic aromatic substitution
(i) Nitration dil/HNO3 mono
Conc/HNO3 picric acid
(II) Halogenation
Br2/cs2 mono
Br2/H20 2,4,6 tribromophenol ( white ppt)
(b) Kolbe’s reaction
(Salicylic acid)
(c) Reimer-Tiemann reaction
Salicylaldehyde
(D) Na2cr2O7/h2so4 : (Benzoquinone)
Zn : Benzene
PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES
(i) From acyl chlorides (Rosenmund reduction)
H2/pd-Baso4
(ii) From Nitriles and Esters
Reduction by DIBAL-H
(iii) From Hydrocarbons
Etard reaction
Toluene + cro2cl2 (Chromium
Complex) = CHO
Gatterman-Koch reaction
Benzene + co +HCL/Anhyd.AlCl /CuCl
(i) From acyl chlorides (Rosenmund reduction)
H2/pd-Baso4
(ii) From Nitriles and Esters
Reduction by DIBAL-H
(iii) From Hydrocarbons
Etard reaction
Toluene + cro2cl2 (Chromium
Complex) = CHO
Gatterman-Koch reaction
Benzene + co +HCL/Anhyd.AlCl /CuCl
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2 PREPARATION OF KETONE
acyl chlorides + R2CD
From nitriles + phmgbr/ether
Benzene + acyl chloride
acyl chlorides + R2CD
From nitriles + phmgbr/ether
Benzene + acyl chloride
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(ii) Reduction
Nabh2 & lialh4
(b) Reduction to hydrocarbons
Zn-Hg/Hcl (Clemmensen reduction)
Nh2-Nh2/ Hcl (Wolff-Kishner reduction)
Nabh2 & lialh4
(b) Reduction to hydrocarbons
Zn-Hg/Hcl (Clemmensen reduction)
Nh2-Nh2/ Hcl (Wolff-Kishner reduction)
4 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Methods of Preparation
(a) From primary alcohols
alkaline KMnO4/h30^+
Cro3-h2so4 Jones reagen
(b) From alkylbenzenes
Kmno4-koh /heat water
(c) From nitriles and amides
d) From Grignard reagents
R-mg + O=C=O /dry ether
Methods of Preparation
(a) From primary alcohols
alkaline KMnO4/h30^+
Cro3-h2so4 Jones reagen
(b) From alkylbenzenes
Kmno4-koh /heat water
(c) From nitriles and amides
d) From Grignard reagents
R-mg + O=C=O /dry ether
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
(a) Reactions involving cleavage of C- O H bond
(Acidity)
2ch3cooh + p2p5 = Ethanoic anhydride
(iv) Reaction with ammonia
+ Ammonium Benzamide /-h20 = Benzamide
(Phthalic acid) +Nh3 = .... ..(Phthalimide)
c) Reactions involving –
(1) Reducsn COOH group
Lialh4/ether or b2h6 /h30^+
RCH2OH
(ii) Decarboxylation
NaOH & CaO/heat = R-H + na2co3
d) Substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon par
NaOH & CaO/heat =R-H+ na2co3
(a) Reactions involving cleavage of C- O H bond
(Acidity)
2ch3cooh + p2p5 = Ethanoic anhydride
(iv) Reaction with ammonia
+ Ammonium Benzamide /-h20 = Benzamide
(Phthalic acid) +Nh3 = .... ..(Phthalimide)
c) Reactions involving –
(1) Reducsn COOH group
Lialh4/ether or b2h6 /h30^+
RCH2OH
(ii) Decarboxylation
NaOH & CaO/heat = R-H + na2co3
d) Substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon par
NaOH & CaO/heat =R-H+ na2co3
PREPARATION OF AMINES
Phno2 .. H2/pd ethanol
Sn/hcl Or fe+ hcl PhNH2
(ii) Ammonolysis of Alkyl Halides
Quaternary
ammonium salt
(iii) Reduction of Nitrites
(iv) Reduction of amides
(v) Gabriel phthalimide Synthesis
(vi) Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction
Br2 + 4NaOH = R-Nh2 + na2co3+2nabr + 2h20
Phno2 .. H2/pd ethanol
Sn/hcl Or fe+ hcl PhNH2
(ii) Ammonolysis of Alkyl Halides
Quaternary
ammonium salt
(iii) Reduction of Nitrites
(iv) Reduction of amides
(v) Gabriel phthalimide Synthesis
(vi) Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction
Br2 + 4NaOH = R-Nh2 + na2co3+2nabr + 2h20
Primary amine formed contains one carbon less than that
present in the amide
Biomolecules.
(a) Glucose (c6h12o6) : It is an aldohexose
.
(a) Glucose (c6h12o6) : It is an aldohexose
+ HI = N hexane
suggesting carbons are linked in straight chain.
Presence of carbonyl group is confirmed by the following
reactions.
HCN & NH2OH
Carbonyl group present is an aldehyde is confirmed by
the given reaction
Br2/H20 = (Gluconic acid)
Acetylation of glucose gives glucose pentaacetate which
confirms presence of five OH groups
Glucose and gluconic acid is oxidised to saccharic acid
by nitric acid. This indicates presence of primary –OH
group
Cyclic Structure of Glucose
The given observations could not explain chain structure
of glucose
(i) It does not react with NaHSO3 or Schiff's reagent
(ii) Pentaacetate of glucose does not react with NH2OH.
(iii) Glucose exist in two different crystalline forms, a and b forms
.
Forwarding on hmesha rhega
#IMP but channel soon private ho jayega so jisko join krna h krlo
#IMP but channel soon private ho jayega so jisko join krna h krlo
❤3
𝗔𝗟𝗟 𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗖 𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗠𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗬 𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦 @𝗔𝘆𝗮𝗻𝗼𝟭𝗺𝗲
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