拟南芥 Arabidopsis

生殖系统：
1. Androdioecy: coexistence of males and hermaphrodites
2. dioecy: male and female individual organisms
3. gynodioecy: breeding system, female and hermaphroditic plants coexist within a population
4. hermaphroditism: 雌雄间性

遗传负荷（genetic load）： 生物群体中由于有害等位基因的存在而使群体适应度下降的现象。