X chromosome inactivation (XCI) in mammals equalizes levels of X-linked gene expression in XX females relative to XY males.

Köhler illumination

在实际使用时，通过在照明光路中插入一个结构光的发生装置（如光栅，空间光调制器，或者数字微镜阵列DMD等），照明光受到调制后，形成亮度规律性变化的图案，然后经物镜投影在样品上，调制光所产生的荧光信号再被相机接收。通过移动和旋转照明图案使其覆盖样本的各个区域，并将拍摄的多幅图像用软件进行组合和重建，就可以得到该样品的超分辨率图像了。由于需要组合多个图像，SIM 的成像过程是需要一定时间的，不过远比STORM这样的单分子定位超分辨显微技术要快许多。

https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/97211175

When both the recessive or the dominant alleles for two traits are on the same chromosome, it is called the cis phase. However, when a recessive and dominant allele for the different traits are on the same chromosome, we call it the trans phase.

https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/aW82kSGL_n3IrIYdHmM59g

1. 我还是第一次听说nature machine intelligence这种杂志
2. 这个适用于分选后，来筛选是否分选出了单个细胞
（开始觉得很牛逼的样子，但是是我理解错误的原因吗，感觉也就这样.jpg

新药aducanumab
amyloid-β
amyloid hypothesis

全世界的科学家都反对，但是贵校还是表示支持的！只能说贵校牛逼！
另外“公司股价在药物获批后涨了40%”

https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/yIas1sr4kKexFCoyMstimg

Microemulsions are clear, thermodynamically stable isotropic liquid mixtures of oil, water and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant. The aqueous phase may contain salt(s) and/or other ingredients, and the "oil" may actually be a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons.

Cytochalasin B is a cell-permeable mycotoxin. It was found that substoichimetric concentrations of cytochalasin B (CB) strongly inhibit network formation by actin filaments. Due to this, it is often used in cytological research. It inhibits cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments. It inhibits cell movement and induces nuclear extrusion.

Cycloheximide is a naturally occurring fungicide produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. Cycloheximide exerts its effects by interfering with the translocation step in protein synthesis (movement of two tRNA molecules and mRNA in relation to the ribosome), thus blocking eukaryotic translational elongation. Cycloheximide is widely used in biomedical research to inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells studied in vitro (i.e. outside of organisms). - prevent the interphase extract from entering the next mitosis

Ringer's solution is a solution of several salts dissolved in water for the purpose of creating an isotonic solution relative to the body fluids of an animal. Ringer's solution typically contains sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate, with the last used to balance the pH. Other additions can include chemical fuel sources for cells, including ATP and dextrose, as well as antibiotics and antifungals.

EDTA: 金属螯合剂，降低酶活性，把酶里面的金属离子螯合出来。
破坏溶液中的DNase, RNase
破坏细胞的桥粒结构，使细胞能够分散成单个细胞

HEPES/ PDS/ Tris: buffer system

Ringer's solution is a solution of several salts dissolved in water for the purpose of creating an isotonic solution relative to the body fluids of an animal. Ringer's solution typically contains sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate, with the last used to balance the pH. Other additions can include chemical fuel sources for cells, including ATP and dextrose, as well as antibiotics and antifungals.
MMR buffer: Marc’s modified ringer buffer

高瓴想招一个生物PhD做投资，各种金融方面的条件都设成非必须了，还是几个月都招不到人……大家都会有光明的未来的 source

Pigment granules in Stentor coeruleus are extrusive organelles containing the pigment, stentorin, which provides the blue-green colouration to this ciliate. A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules