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E-Cheque vs CTS Clearing
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🎯✅ PMJJBY Part 2 – One Video, Full Clarity
✔️ ₹2 lakh death benefit
✔️ Low-cost social security scheme
✔️ Exam-ready explanation
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🟢 RBI Liquidity Operations & Market Impact – Short Note

Reserve Bank of India actively managed liquidity to balance rupee stability and banking system liquidity amid global volatility.

🔹 FX Buy–Sell Swaps
RBI conducted USD 2 billion+ FX buy–sell swaps
📌 Purpose: Offset rupee liquidity absorbed due to spot dollar sales
💡 Acts as a non-interest rate liquidity tool.

🔹 Spot Dollar Intervention
RBI sold dollars in the spot market to check sharp rupee depreciation.
⚠️ Impact: Rupee liquidity absorption from the banking system.

🔹 Liquidity Impact
Banking system liquidity had moved into deficit (~₹6,000 crore)
🔄 FX swaps re-injected rupee liquidity, preventing funding stress.

🏦 Reduced banks’ dependence on MSF.

🔹 Market Effects
📉 Dollar forward premiums softened, lowering hedging cost for importers
📊 Short-term money market rates aligned closer to repo rate.
🧘 Maintained orderly market conditions without changing policy rates.

🔹 Policy Significance
🧰 Reflects RBI’s multi-tool liquidity framework (FX swaps + LAF)
🎯 Ensures currency management without disturbing credit flow.
❌ RBI does not target a fixed exchange rate, only market stability.

🔔 Key Limits / Rates to Remember
MSF Rate: Repo Rate + 25 bp
Liquidity deficit observed: ~₹6,000 crore
FX swap size: USD 2 billion+

📝 Exam Focus
Spot dollar sale = ❌ Rupee liquidity
FX buy–sell swap = ✅ Rupee liquidity
FX swaps = Liquidity management tool, not a rate tool

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Banker ke liye must-know charge concept
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RBI Liquidity and Monetary Measures – Short Note (Latest India Update)

🏦 Massive Liquidity Infusion
RBI injected over ₹1.9 lakh crore into the banking system to ease liquidity stress and support credit flow.

🔧 Key Liquidity Tools Used

🔁 Variable Rate Repo (VRR): ~₹25,000 crore for short-term liquidity.

📊 Open Market Operations (OMO): ~₹1 lakh crore through government securities purchase.

💱 USD/INR Forex Swap: USD 10 billion buy–sell swap to inject rupee liquidity and manage forex volatility.

🎯 Primary Objectives
Maintain stability in money market rates.
Ensure smooth monetary policy transmission.
Counter liquidity tightening due to tax outflows and forex operations.
Promote uninterrupted bank credit growth.

📌 Liquidity Target
RBI aims to keep surplus liquidity at 0.6%–1.0% of NDTL (Net Demand and Time Liabilities).

📈 Impact on Banks & Markets
Lower short-term interest rates.
Improved lending capacity of banks.
Enhanced market confidence during global uncertainty.

📚 Exam-Focused Points
VRR, OMO, Forex Swap = Quantitative Monetary Tools.
NDTL-based liquidity corridor = key concept under Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF).

Frequently tested in JAIIB, CAIIB, IIBF exams.