⏳ Case-based MCQ | #Case_338 | #answer
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
✅ D
Peptic strictures have an association with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and can cause dysphagia. The fact that there is no weight loss and haemoglobin is normal points towards a benign cause. Esophageal cancer at this age group is also uncommon.
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
✅ D
Peptic strictures have an association with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and can cause dysphagia. The fact that there is no weight loss and haemoglobin is normal points towards a benign cause. Esophageal cancer at this age group is also uncommon.
👍1
⏳ Case-based MCQ | #Case_339
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
A 35 year old lady presents with urinary incontinence 4 months after having a normal vaginal delivery of her second child. She says that she urinates a little every time she sneezes or coughs. On a speculum examintion, there are no anatomical abnormalities.
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
A 35 year old lady presents with urinary incontinence 4 months after having a normal vaginal delivery of her second child. She says that she urinates a little every time she sneezes or coughs. On a speculum examintion, there are no anatomical abnormalities.
What is the SINGLE most approprite next step in management?
Anonymous Poll
10%
A. Tension-free vaginal tape operation
10%
B. Bladder drill (retraining)
8%
C. Ring pessary
6%
D. Duloxetine
67%
E. . Pelvic floor exercise
⏳ Case-based MCQ | #Case_339 | #answer
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
✅ E
This lady is suffering from stress incontinence as evident by small amounts of urine leakage when she sneezes or coughs. The best management would be pelvic floor exercises.
Tension-free vaginal tape operation should only be considered after trying conservative methods for treatment of stress incontinence.
Bladder drill (retraining) is a method used for detrusor instability and nto stress incontinence.
Ring pessary is of no use here as there is no cystocele.
Loss of weight, and reducing caffeine are other lifestyle modifications that could be effective but were not given in this questions.
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
✅ E
This lady is suffering from stress incontinence as evident by small amounts of urine leakage when she sneezes or coughs. The best management would be pelvic floor exercises.
Tension-free vaginal tape operation should only be considered after trying conservative methods for treatment of stress incontinence.
Bladder drill (retraining) is a method used for detrusor instability and nto stress incontinence.
Ring pessary is of no use here as there is no cystocele.
Loss of weight, and reducing caffeine are other lifestyle modifications that could be effective but were not given in this questions.
👍1
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🧩 Medical Mnemonics
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©Medical Mnemonics
Let's Learn Endometriosis
features 💯💻 Join us in the official Instagram page: Online Medical School
#obs_and_gyneacology
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©Medical Mnemonics
⏳ Case-based MCQ | #Case_340
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
You are called to the newborn nursery to see a baby with a deformed foot. The affected foot is shorter and smaller than the other. The heel is turned downward and inward, while the front of the foot is curved inwardly. The medial crease of the foot is accentuated. The foot has almost no flexibility. You diagnose a unilateral rigid club foot deformity.
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
You are called to the newborn nursery to see a baby with a deformed foot. The affected foot is shorter and smaller than the other. The heel is turned downward and inward, while the front of the foot is curved inwardly. The medial crease of the foot is accentuated. The foot has almost no flexibility. You diagnose a unilateral rigid club foot deformity.
Which statement is NOT true?
Anonymous Poll
10%
a) Rigid clubfoot may require surgery
19%
b) The incidence of clubfoot is more common in males
36%
c) This deformity usually prevents a child from standing and walking
17%
d) After surgery, long‐term observation and bracing is usually necessary
18%
e) With treatment, children are active and participate with peers in the usual physical activities
⏳ Case-based MCQ | #Case_340 | #answer
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
✅ C
Most of these children are healthy infants with a clubfoot of unknown cause and will crawl, stand, and walk. Untreated, this condition may result in severe disability and deformity.
⚠ Rigid clubfoot may respond to manipulation and casting. However, if these interventions fail, surgery will be required (choice A).
⚠ The male‐to‐female ratio is 2:1 (choice B). Bilateral involvement is found in 30‐50% of cases. There is a 10% chance of a subsequent child being affected if the parents already have a child with a clubfoot.
⚠ Very early intervention may produce a shorter treatment period, but if conservative treatment fails (casting), surgery may be required followed by casting and bracing. Patients must then be followed for any evidence of recurrence (choice D).
⚠ Even with successful treatment, the foot may be smaller and possibly less mobile than the normal foot; however, most children will still be able to participate fully in normal activities (choice E).
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
✅ C
Most of these children are healthy infants with a clubfoot of unknown cause and will crawl, stand, and walk. Untreated, this condition may result in severe disability and deformity.
⚠ Rigid clubfoot may respond to manipulation and casting. However, if these interventions fail, surgery will be required (choice A).
⚠ The male‐to‐female ratio is 2:1 (choice B). Bilateral involvement is found in 30‐50% of cases. There is a 10% chance of a subsequent child being affected if the parents already have a child with a clubfoot.
⚠ Very early intervention may produce a shorter treatment period, but if conservative treatment fails (casting), surgery may be required followed by casting and bracing. Patients must then be followed for any evidence of recurrence (choice D).
⚠ Even with successful treatment, the foot may be smaller and possibly less mobile than the normal foot; however, most children will still be able to participate fully in normal activities (choice E).
⏳ Case-based MCQ | #Case_341
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
A 65‐year‐old white male comes to your office with a 0.5‐cm nodule that has developed on his right forearm over the past 4 weeks. The lesion is dome shaped and has a central plug. You schedule a biopsy but he does not return to your office for 1 year. At that time the lesion appears to have healed spontaneously.
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
A 65‐year‐old white male comes to your office with a 0.5‐cm nodule that has developed on his right forearm over the past 4 weeks. The lesion is dome shaped and has a central plug. You schedule a biopsy but he does not return to your office for 1 year. At that time the lesion appears to have healed spontaneously.
The most likely diagnosis is:
Anonymous Poll
27%
a) Benign lentigo
8%
b) Lentigo maligna
11%
c) Basal cell carcinoma
10%
d) Squamous cell carcinoma
43%
e) Keratoacanthoma
❤1
⏳ Case-based MCQ | #Case_341 | #answer
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
✅ E
Keratoacanthoma grows rapidly and may heal within 6 months to a year. Squamous cell carcinoma may appear grossly and histologically similar to keratoacanthoma but does not heal spontaneously. The other lesions do not resemble keratoacanthoma
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
✅ E
Keratoacanthoma grows rapidly and may heal within 6 months to a year. Squamous cell carcinoma may appear grossly and histologically similar to keratoacanthoma but does not heal spontaneously. The other lesions do not resemble keratoacanthoma
A 15-year-old female with Down syndrome will compete in Special Olympics gymnastics. She should be evaluated prior to completion due to the potential risk for subluxation of her:
Anonymous Poll
13%
a. Patella
9%
b. Calcaneus
21%
c. Hip
10%
d. Radial head
47%
e. Atlantoaxial joint
⏳ Case-based MCQ | #Case_342 | #answer
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
✅ E
Patients with Down syndrome have a 15% increased incidence of atlantoaxial instability (AAI). There is a resulting risk of spinal cord injury in these patients. Certain sports are contraindicated for those with AAI, including gymnastics, and radiographs should be obtained prior to participation.
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
✅ E
Patients with Down syndrome have a 15% increased incidence of atlantoaxial instability (AAI). There is a resulting risk of spinal cord injury in these patients. Certain sports are contraindicated for those with AAI, including gymnastics, and radiographs should be obtained prior to participation.
👍1
⏳ Case-based MCQ | #Case_343
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
A primigravida in her 7th gestational week was brought to hospital with severe nausea and vomiting of three days duration. No other symptoms could be elicited. Physical examination is as follows: pulse rate 108 bpm, respiratory rate 17/min, blood pressure 98/58 mmHg and body temperature 37.1°C; diminished skin turgor and dry oral mucous membrane and the rest of physical examination was normal. With appropriate work‐up the diagnosis of Hyperemesis Gravidarum was established. Some of her lab results are as follows:
pH 7.42
[HCO‐3] 24mmol/L
PaCO2 39mmHg
Serum sodium 140mmol/L
Serum potassium 3.7mmol/L
Serum chloride 95mmol/L
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
A primigravida in her 7th gestational week was brought to hospital with severe nausea and vomiting of three days duration. No other symptoms could be elicited. Physical examination is as follows: pulse rate 108 bpm, respiratory rate 17/min, blood pressure 98/58 mmHg and body temperature 37.1°C; diminished skin turgor and dry oral mucous membrane and the rest of physical examination was normal. With appropriate work‐up the diagnosis of Hyperemesis Gravidarum was established. Some of her lab results are as follows:
pH 7.42
[HCO‐3] 24mmol/L
PaCO2 39mmHg
Serum sodium 140mmol/L
Serum potassium 3.7mmol/L
Serum chloride 95mmol/L
❤1
Which of the following statements correctly describes the acid base status of this patient?
Anonymous Poll
32%
a) She has normal acid base status
21%
b) She has mixed metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis
17%
c) She has mixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis
20%
d) She has mixed metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosis
10%
e) Her acid base status is unclassifiable and needs further evaluation
❤1
⏳ Case-based MCQ | #Case_343 | #answer
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
✅ B
This patient has mixed metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis (choice B) despite the normal values of pH, [HCO‐3], PaCO2. The evidence supporting an acid base disturbance in this patient is the highplasma anion gap (PAG) of 21mmol/L (calculated as: [Na] – [HCO‐3] – [Cl]). The discrepancy between DPAG and D[HCO‐3] indicates high anion gap metabolic acidosis. DPAG and D[HCO‐3] are calculated by subtracting the normal values of these parameters from the prevailing patient values. DPAG is thus, 11mmol/L (21 – 10) and D[HCO‐3] is ‐3mmol/L (24 – 27). This means that there are 8mmol /L of unmeasured anions and indicates existence of high anion gap metabolic acidosis. These unmeasured anions are most likely ketoacids from starvation that accompanies Hyperemesis Gravidarum. Indeed, ketoacidosis and kentonuria are essential criteria for diagnosis of this disorder. Metabolic alkalosis is suggested by the normal pH in the presence of metabolic acidosis (due to ketoacids) and this is further supported by the fact that the patient has severe vomiting which is known to cause metabolic alkalosis. When vomiting stops in this patient and before she starts normal feeding, pH may transiently decrease because metabolic acidosis will then be uncovered. On the other hand if this patient is fed parenterally and vomiting persists pH may transiently increase because metabolic alkalosis will then be uncovered.
⚠ She has normal acid base status (choice A) is an incorrect statement. The high plasma anion gap (PAG) and the discrepancy between DPAG and D[HCO‐3] indicates an abnormal acid base status.
⚠ She has mixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis (choice C) is not correct. If this patient had mixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis, PaCO2 would not be normal. By definition, respiratory alkalosis results from low PaCO2 due to excessive washout of CO2 from the body. If this patient had an isolated or simple metabolic acidosis (ketoacidosis from starvation and she is not vomiting) and normal respiratory system, respiratory compensation would bring PaCO2 down and raise the pH back towards normal. If she had respiratory alkalosis on top of metabolic acidosis, PaCO2 would be brought down even more that what usually occurs during ordinary respiratory compensation to metabolic acidosis and pH might return all the way back to normal.
⚠ She has mixed metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosis (choice D) is not correct. If this patient had mixed metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosis PaCO2 would not be normal. By definition, respiratory acidosis results from high PaCO2 due to retention of CO2 in body fluids. If this patient had an isolated or simple metabolic alkalosis (due to vomiting but no ketoacidosis) and normal respiratory system, respiratory compensation would raise PaCO2 and decrease the pH back towards normal. If she had respiratory acidosis on top of metabolic alkalosis, PaCO2 would be raised even more that what would occur during ordinary respiratory compensation to metabolic alkalosis and pH might return all the way back to normal.
⚠ Her acid base status is unclassifiable and needs further evaluation (choice E) is not correct. Obviously, the acid base status of this patient is classifiable and is classified as mixed metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis.
🔖 Key point:
In a patient with Hyperemesis Gravidarum, normal values of pH, D [HCO‐3] and PaCO2 do not excludeacid base disturbance. The anion gap should be calculated to look for concealed acid base disturbances.
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
✅ B
This patient has mixed metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis (choice B) despite the normal values of pH, [HCO‐3], PaCO2. The evidence supporting an acid base disturbance in this patient is the highplasma anion gap (PAG) of 21mmol/L (calculated as: [Na] – [HCO‐3] – [Cl]). The discrepancy between DPAG and D[HCO‐3] indicates high anion gap metabolic acidosis. DPAG and D[HCO‐3] are calculated by subtracting the normal values of these parameters from the prevailing patient values. DPAG is thus, 11mmol/L (21 – 10) and D[HCO‐3] is ‐3mmol/L (24 – 27). This means that there are 8mmol /L of unmeasured anions and indicates existence of high anion gap metabolic acidosis. These unmeasured anions are most likely ketoacids from starvation that accompanies Hyperemesis Gravidarum. Indeed, ketoacidosis and kentonuria are essential criteria for diagnosis of this disorder. Metabolic alkalosis is suggested by the normal pH in the presence of metabolic acidosis (due to ketoacids) and this is further supported by the fact that the patient has severe vomiting which is known to cause metabolic alkalosis. When vomiting stops in this patient and before she starts normal feeding, pH may transiently decrease because metabolic acidosis will then be uncovered. On the other hand if this patient is fed parenterally and vomiting persists pH may transiently increase because metabolic alkalosis will then be uncovered.
⚠ She has normal acid base status (choice A) is an incorrect statement. The high plasma anion gap (PAG) and the discrepancy between DPAG and D[HCO‐3] indicates an abnormal acid base status.
⚠ She has mixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis (choice C) is not correct. If this patient had mixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis, PaCO2 would not be normal. By definition, respiratory alkalosis results from low PaCO2 due to excessive washout of CO2 from the body. If this patient had an isolated or simple metabolic acidosis (ketoacidosis from starvation and she is not vomiting) and normal respiratory system, respiratory compensation would bring PaCO2 down and raise the pH back towards normal. If she had respiratory alkalosis on top of metabolic acidosis, PaCO2 would be brought down even more that what usually occurs during ordinary respiratory compensation to metabolic acidosis and pH might return all the way back to normal.
⚠ She has mixed metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosis (choice D) is not correct. If this patient had mixed metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosis PaCO2 would not be normal. By definition, respiratory acidosis results from high PaCO2 due to retention of CO2 in body fluids. If this patient had an isolated or simple metabolic alkalosis (due to vomiting but no ketoacidosis) and normal respiratory system, respiratory compensation would raise PaCO2 and decrease the pH back towards normal. If she had respiratory acidosis on top of metabolic alkalosis, PaCO2 would be raised even more that what would occur during ordinary respiratory compensation to metabolic alkalosis and pH might return all the way back to normal.
⚠ Her acid base status is unclassifiable and needs further evaluation (choice E) is not correct. Obviously, the acid base status of this patient is classifiable and is classified as mixed metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis.
🔖 Key point:
In a patient with Hyperemesis Gravidarum, normal values of pH, D [HCO‐3] and PaCO2 do not excludeacid base disturbance. The anion gap should be calculated to look for concealed acid base disturbances.
👍4
⏳ Case-based MCQ | #Case_344
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
A 12‐year‐old boy is brought to the clinic because of a several monthhistory of strange behavior. According to his parents, the boy occasionally starts staring and does not respond at all. He also has tears in his eyes during these events. These episodes last several seconds and he then returns to his baseline. He has not sustained any head trauma andis on no medications.
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
A 12‐year‐old boy is brought to the clinic because of a several monthhistory of strange behavior. According to his parents, the boy occasionally starts staring and does not respond at all. He also has tears in his eyes during these events. These episodes last several seconds and he then returns to his baseline. He has not sustained any head trauma andis on no medications.
Which of the following drugs is the most appropriate treatment?
Anonymous Poll
20%
a) Diazepam
12%
b) Diphenhydramine
44%
c) Ethosuximide
13%
d) Phenobarbital
11%
e) Phenytoin
⏳ Case-based MCQ | #Case_344 | #answer
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
✅ C
The patient is having absence or petit mal seizures, and the drug of choice is ethosuximide (choice C) or valproic acid.
⚠ Diazepam (choice A) is effective in treating status epilepticus but is not used in treating petit mal seizures.
⚠ Diphenhydramine (choice B) is an antihistamine and would not be of benefit in treating this illness.
⚠ Phenobarbital (choice D) and Phenytoin (choice E) are anticonvulsants, but are not used for absence seizures.
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
✅ C
The patient is having absence or petit mal seizures, and the drug of choice is ethosuximide (choice C) or valproic acid.
⚠ Diazepam (choice A) is effective in treating status epilepticus but is not used in treating petit mal seizures.
⚠ Diphenhydramine (choice B) is an antihistamine and would not be of benefit in treating this illness.
⚠ Phenobarbital (choice D) and Phenytoin (choice E) are anticonvulsants, but are not used for absence seizures.
⏳ Case-based MCQ | #Case_345
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
A 5‐year‐old female is seen for a kindergarten physical and is noted to be below the 3rd percentile for height. A review of her chart shows that her height curve has progressively fallen further below the 3rd percentile over the past year. She was previously at the 50th percentile for height. The physical examination is otherwise normal, but your workup shows that her bone ageis delayed.
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
A 5‐year‐old female is seen for a kindergarten physical and is noted to be below the 3rd percentile for height. A review of her chart shows that her height curve has progressively fallen further below the 3rd percentile over the past year. She was previously at the 50th percentile for height. The physical examination is otherwise normal, but your workup shows that her bone ageis delayed.
Of the following conditions, which one is the most likely cause of her short stature?
Anonymous Poll
18%
a) Constitutional growth delay
50%
b) Growth hormone deficiency
12%
c) Genetic short stature
10%
d) Turner syndrome
10%
e) Skeletal dysplasia