Only 8 Constitutional Amendments were enacted between 2014–2023 (99th–106th Amendments)

1. 99th CAA (2014): Established NJAC for judicial appointments (later struck down by the Supreme Court).

2. 100th CAA (2015): Implemented the India–Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement.

3. 101st CAA (2016): Introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST).

4. 102nd CAA (2018): Gave constitutional status to the NCBC.

5. 103rd CAA (2019): Introduced 10% EWS reservation in education and public employment.

6. 104th CAA (2019): Extended SC/ST reservation in Lok Sabha & State Assemblies till 25 January 2030; discontinued nomination of Anglo-Indians.

7. 105th CAA (2021): Restored States' power to identify SEBCs/OBCs (Articles 338B, 342A & 366).

8. 106th CAA (2023): Provides 33% reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies (Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam).

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Apshad Garh is an important 6th century BCE archaeological site located in Nawada district, Bihar.

It is renowned for its rare and massive Varaha (Boar) avatar sculpture of Lord Vishnu.

Excavations have yielded Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW), terracotta seals, ivory artefacts and Gupta–Post Gupta remains.

The site is associated with a Gupta-period Vishnu temple and inscriptions referring to Queen Manadevi, mother of King Adityasena.

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Operation Jal Rahat--> Assam flood relief work

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Governor’s Quota in Bihar Legislative Council (MLC)

1. Constitutional Provision
-Article 171(3)(e): 1/6th of the total members of a State Legislative Council are nominated by the Governor.
-Article 171(5): The nominated persons should have special knowledge or practical experience in: Literature, Science, Art, Cooperative Movement and Social Service

2. Is the Governor bound by the Council of Ministers?
Yes. The Governor ordinarily acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers (Article 163), unless the Constitution expressly grants discretion.
Hence, nominations under Article 171(3)(e) are generally made on the recommendation of the State Cabinet.

3. Composition of a State Legislative Council (Article 171)
1/3 – Elected by Local Authorities.
1/12 – Elected by Graduates.
1/12 – Elected by Teachers.
1/3 – Elected by Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs).
1/6 – Nominated by the Governor.

4. Can a Minister be appointed without being an MLA/MLC?
Yes. Article 164(4): A person who is not a member of the State Legislature can be appointed as a Minister, but must become an MLA or MLC within 6 months; otherwise, they cease to be a Minister.

5. Oath of an MLC
Every MLC takes oath/affirmation under Article 188 before taking his/her seat.

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