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--> BEST (Burning Plasma Experimental Superconducting Tokamak) is China's next-generation nuclear fusion reactor, distinct from the existing EAST ("Artificial Sun").
--> China has developed a 21-metre toroidal-field superconducting magnet for the BEST reactor to confine ultra-hot plasma using powerful magnetic fields.
--> The magnet was developed by the Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP), Hefei, China.
--> Tokamak is a doughnut-shaped magnetic confinement device used to sustain controlled nuclear fusion by confining plasma.
#CA2026
--> China has developed a 21-metre toroidal-field superconducting magnet for the BEST reactor to confine ultra-hot plasma using powerful magnetic fields.
--> The magnet was developed by the Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP), Hefei, China.
--> Tokamak is a doughnut-shaped magnetic confinement device used to sustain controlled nuclear fusion by confining plasma.
#CA2026
Earlier, 100% FDI under the automatic route was permitted only in the marketplace model of e-commerce; FDI was prohibited in the inventory-based model.
Now, 100% FDI is permitted in the inventory-based e-commerce model exclusively for exports of goods manufactured/produced in India.
Marketplace model: E-commerce entity acts only as a digital platform connecting buyers and sellers; it does not own inventory.
Inventory-based model: E-commerce entity owns inventory and sells goods directly to consumers.
#CA2026
#ECONOMY
Now, 100% FDI is permitted in the inventory-based e-commerce model exclusively for exports of goods manufactured/produced in India.
Marketplace model: E-commerce entity acts only as a digital platform connecting buyers and sellers; it does not own inventory.
Inventory-based model: E-commerce entity owns inventory and sells goods directly to consumers.
#CA2026
#ECONOMY
Chaur Vikas Yojana (Bihar)
1. Objective: Scientific utilisation of waterlogged chaur (wetland) areas to enhance fish production, rural livelihoods and farmers’ income.
2. Key Features
Five districts identified: East Champaran, Madhubani, Saran, Munger and Bhagalpur.
Focus on scientific aquaculture, hatcheries, fish processing and promotion of eco-tourism.
Promotion of Tilapia farming, freshwater Scampi (giant freshwater prawn) culture and cage culture.
3. Expected Benefits
Converts underutilised wetlands into productive economic assets.
Increases fish productivity from ~3 quintals/ha to 7–8 quintals/ha in targeted wetlands.
Enhances farmers’ income while promoting sustainable use of wetlands.
4. Challenges
Balancing aquaculture expansion with wetland conservation & biodiversity.
Need for quality seed, cold-chain, market linkages & scientific management.
Preventing ecological risks from invasive/exotic species & water pollution.
5. Way Forward
Adopt an integrated wetland management approach
#BIHARspecial
1. Objective: Scientific utilisation of waterlogged chaur (wetland) areas to enhance fish production, rural livelihoods and farmers’ income.
2. Key Features
Five districts identified: East Champaran, Madhubani, Saran, Munger and Bhagalpur.
Focus on scientific aquaculture, hatcheries, fish processing and promotion of eco-tourism.
Promotion of Tilapia farming, freshwater Scampi (giant freshwater prawn) culture and cage culture.
3. Expected Benefits
Converts underutilised wetlands into productive economic assets.
Increases fish productivity from ~3 quintals/ha to 7–8 quintals/ha in targeted wetlands.
Enhances farmers’ income while promoting sustainable use of wetlands.
4. Challenges
Balancing aquaculture expansion with wetland conservation & biodiversity.
Need for quality seed, cold-chain, market linkages & scientific management.
Preventing ecological risks from invasive/exotic species & water pollution.
5. Way Forward
Adopt an integrated wetland management approach
#BIHARspecial
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🕸️BPSC WEB🕸️
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Rise of the ‘Forever War’ Era
-Inter-State wars are resurging: According to PRIO (Norway), active inter-State conflicts rose from 2 (2023)—> 4 (2024)—> 8 (2025), the highest since 1946. Examples: Russia–Ukraine, Israel–Iran, India–Pakistan (2025).
-Wars are becoming longer: Unlike the post-Cold War period (1990–2020), current conflicts are prolonged- Russia–Ukraine has crossed 4.5 years, Israel–Hamas/Lebanon has continued for 3 years, while the US–Israel vs Iran confrontation remains unresolved.
-Multipolarity is fuelling proxy wars: Emerging power centres back allies instead of fighting directly. Examples: US & Europe backing Ukraine; Russia and China supporting Iran; China’s military, intelligence and economic support to Pakistan.
-Technology favours defence over offence: Drones, anti-tank, anti-ship and anti-aircraft missiles have made rapid victories difficult, leading to wars of attrition. Example: Russia’s inability to achieve a quick victory in Ukraine.
-UN-led security architecture is weakening: Frequent inter-State wars have marginalised the UN, exposing the limitations of collective security and conflict-resolution mechanisms.
-India’s security environment is changing: Pakistan-sponsored terrorism is increasingly treated as an “act of war”. Example: Operation Sindoor (2025) witnessed high-intensity conventional clashes backed by Chinese support to Pakistan.
-Way forward: Build a stable multipolar balance of power, strengthen deterrence, revive UN-led multilateralism, and deepen diplomacy to prevent prolonged “forever wars” from becoming the new normal.
#GS1mains
#ESSAY
-Inter-State wars are resurging: According to PRIO (Norway), active inter-State conflicts rose from 2 (2023)—> 4 (2024)—> 8 (2025), the highest since 1946. Examples: Russia–Ukraine, Israel–Iran, India–Pakistan (2025).
-Wars are becoming longer: Unlike the post-Cold War period (1990–2020), current conflicts are prolonged- Russia–Ukraine has crossed 4.5 years, Israel–Hamas/Lebanon has continued for 3 years, while the US–Israel vs Iran confrontation remains unresolved.
-Multipolarity is fuelling proxy wars: Emerging power centres back allies instead of fighting directly. Examples: US & Europe backing Ukraine; Russia and China supporting Iran; China’s military, intelligence and economic support to Pakistan.
-Technology favours defence over offence: Drones, anti-tank, anti-ship and anti-aircraft missiles have made rapid victories difficult, leading to wars of attrition. Example: Russia’s inability to achieve a quick victory in Ukraine.
-UN-led security architecture is weakening: Frequent inter-State wars have marginalised the UN, exposing the limitations of collective security and conflict-resolution mechanisms.
-India’s security environment is changing: Pakistan-sponsored terrorism is increasingly treated as an “act of war”. Example: Operation Sindoor (2025) witnessed high-intensity conventional clashes backed by Chinese support to Pakistan.
-Way forward: Build a stable multipolar balance of power, strengthen deterrence, revive UN-led multilateralism, and deepen diplomacy to prevent prolonged “forever wars” from becoming the new normal.
#GS1mains
#ESSAY