#PYQ trend
Tennis and Badminton are among BPSC’s most favourite sports areas, with questions asked almost every year.
Tennis and Badminton are among BPSC’s most favourite sports areas, with questions asked almost every year.
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The Nagatitan, the largest-ever dinosaur found in South-East Asia, weighed 27 tonnes - as much as nine adult Asian elephants - and measured 27m (88ft) in length, longer than a diplodocus.
Like that dinosaur, it belonged to the sauropod family of long-necked herbivores.
#CA2026
#DISCOVERY
Like that dinosaur, it belonged to the sauropod family of long-necked herbivores.
#CA2026
#DISCOVERY
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Austerity Measures in India
• Austerity = Government measures to reduce expenditure/imports and conserve forex during economic stress.
• Major Indian austerity phases:
1965–66 (war + food crisis), 1990–91 (BoP crisis), 2008–09 (global crisis), 2025–26 (CAD pressure).
• Lal Bahadur Shastri’s 1965 “Monday fast” appeal aimed at saving food grains during severe shortage.
• 1991 BoP crisis was triggered by Gulf War oil shock, high fiscal deficit and falling forex reserves.
• India pledged gold reserves in 1991 to raise foreign exchange.
• CAD (Current Account Deficit) rises when imports exceed exports; crude oil and gold are major contributors.
• Import cover = Number of months imports can be financed using forex reserves.
• Forex reserves are maintained by Reserve Bank of India and include foreign currency assets, gold, SDRs and IMF reserve position.
• Fiscal Deficit = Total expenditure − (Revenue receipts + Non-debt capital receipts).
• India abolished Plan vs Non-Plan expenditure classification in 2017.
• Plan Expenditure (abolished in 2017) = Spending on schemes/projects under Five-Year Plans; Non-Plan Expenditure = Routine expenses like salaries, subsidies, pensions, defence and interest payments.
• India replaced Plan/Non-Plan classification with Revenue and Capital expenditure after abolition of Planning Commission.
• Revenue expenditure includes subsidies, salaries, pensions and interest payments; capital expenditure creates assets/infrastructure.
• 1991 crisis led to LPG reforms:- Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation.
#CA2026
#ECONOMY
👇🏻👇🏻
• Austerity = Government measures to reduce expenditure/imports and conserve forex during economic stress.
• Major Indian austerity phases:
1965–66 (war + food crisis), 1990–91 (BoP crisis), 2008–09 (global crisis), 2025–26 (CAD pressure).
• Lal Bahadur Shastri’s 1965 “Monday fast” appeal aimed at saving food grains during severe shortage.
• 1991 BoP crisis was triggered by Gulf War oil shock, high fiscal deficit and falling forex reserves.
• India pledged gold reserves in 1991 to raise foreign exchange.
• CAD (Current Account Deficit) rises when imports exceed exports; crude oil and gold are major contributors.
• Import cover = Number of months imports can be financed using forex reserves.
• Forex reserves are maintained by Reserve Bank of India and include foreign currency assets, gold, SDRs and IMF reserve position.
• Fiscal Deficit = Total expenditure − (Revenue receipts + Non-debt capital receipts).
• India abolished Plan vs Non-Plan expenditure classification in 2017.
• Plan Expenditure (abolished in 2017) = Spending on schemes/projects under Five-Year Plans; Non-Plan Expenditure = Routine expenses like salaries, subsidies, pensions, defence and interest payments.
• India replaced Plan/Non-Plan classification with Revenue and Capital expenditure after abolition of Planning Commission.
• Revenue expenditure includes subsidies, salaries, pensions and interest payments; capital expenditure creates assets/infrastructure.
• 1991 crisis led to LPG reforms:- Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation.
#CA2026
#ECONOMY
👇🏻👇🏻
Answer: (a) Interest payments
Non-Plan Expenditure referred to routine and obligatory government expenses such as interest payments, defence, pensions, subsidies, etc., while sectors like agriculture and science & technology were mainly part of Plan Expenditure.
Note: The Plan vs Non-Plan classification was abolished from Budget 2017–18; now expenditure is classified as Revenue and Capital expenditure.
#PYQ trend
Non-Plan Expenditure referred to routine and obligatory government expenses such as interest payments, defence, pensions, subsidies, etc., while sectors like agriculture and science & technology were mainly part of Plan Expenditure.
Note: The Plan vs Non-Plan classification was abolished from Budget 2017–18; now expenditure is classified as Revenue and Capital expenditure.
#PYQ trend
• V. D. Satheesan was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Kerala, leading the Congress-led United Democratic Front (UDF) back to power after a decade.
• V. D. Satheesan represents Paravur Assembly constituency in Ernakulam district and has been winning continuously since 2001.
SNDP Yogam (Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam), founded in 1903, is a major socio-religious reform organisation associated with the Ezhava community of Kerala.
• SNDP was inspired by Sree Narayana Guru, who gave the slogan: “One Caste, One Religion, One God for Mankind.”
• HQ - Kollam, Kerala.
• NSS (Nair Service Society), founded in 1914 by Mannath Padmanabhan, is a socio-cultural organisation of the Nair community.
• HQ - Perunna, Kottayam district, Kerala.
• Both SNDP and NSS are non-political organisations but exert significant influence on Kerala politics and elections.
• Sree Narayana Guru, Ayyankali and Chattampi Swamikal are considered major social reformers of Kerala Renaissance movement.
• V. D. Satheesan represents Paravur Assembly constituency in Ernakulam district and has been winning continuously since 2001.
SNDP Yogam (Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam), founded in 1903, is a major socio-religious reform organisation associated with the Ezhava community of Kerala.
• SNDP was inspired by Sree Narayana Guru, who gave the slogan: “One Caste, One Religion, One God for Mankind.”
• HQ - Kollam, Kerala.
• NSS (Nair Service Society), founded in 1914 by Mannath Padmanabhan, is a socio-cultural organisation of the Nair community.
• HQ - Perunna, Kottayam district, Kerala.
• Both SNDP and NSS are non-political organisations but exert significant influence on Kerala politics and elections.
• Sree Narayana Guru, Ayyankali and Chattampi Swamikal are considered major social reformers of Kerala Renaissance movement.
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• Capital Expenditure (Capex) = Spending on asset creation like roads, railways, irrigation, power and infrastructure.
• Revenue Expenditure = Spending without asset creation - salaries, subsidies, pensions, interest payments etc.
• Capex utilisation = Actual capex spent as % of budgeted capex.
• Top FY26 capex utilisation states:
Telangana (147.58%) > Karnataka (102.46%) > Himachal Pradesh (96.73%) > Haryana (96.56%) > Bihar (87.14%).
• Higher capex generally has higher multiplier effect on GDP growth and employment than revenue expenditure.
• Bihar spent 125.43% of its budgeted capital expenditure in FY25 - meaning actual capex exceeded the original Budget Estimate (BE).
• In FY26, Bihar spent only 87.14% of its budgeted capex - meaning a part of planned infrastructure/asset-creation expenditure remained unspent.
• It indicates a slowdown in execution of capital projects or lower utilisation of allocated infrastructure funds compared to previous year.
#BIHARspecial
• Revenue Expenditure = Spending without asset creation - salaries, subsidies, pensions, interest payments etc.
• Capex utilisation = Actual capex spent as % of budgeted capex.
• Top FY26 capex utilisation states:
Telangana (147.58%) > Karnataka (102.46%) > Himachal Pradesh (96.73%) > Haryana (96.56%) > Bihar (87.14%).
• Higher capex generally has higher multiplier effect on GDP growth and employment than revenue expenditure.
• Bihar spent 125.43% of its budgeted capital expenditure in FY25 - meaning actual capex exceeded the original Budget Estimate (BE).
• In FY26, Bihar spent only 87.14% of its budgeted capex - meaning a part of planned infrastructure/asset-creation expenditure remained unspent.
• It indicates a slowdown in execution of capital projects or lower utilisation of allocated infrastructure funds compared to previous year.
#BIHARspecial
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