AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)
• A large system of ocean currents in the Atlantic Ocean acting like a global conveyor belt.
• Transfers warm, salty surface water northward and returns cold, dense deep water southward.
• Regulates climate of Europe, North Atlantic and monsoon systems.
How ocean currents work
• Driven mainly by differences in:
1. Temperature (thermo)
2. Salinity (haline)
• Hence called Thermohaline Circulation.
• Cold + salty water —> denser —> sinks.
• Warm water —> lighter —> remains near surface.
Why AMOC is weakening
• Rapid melting of Greenland/Arctic ice adds fresh water to North Atlantic.
• Fresh water lowers salinity and density —> weakens sinking process.
• This slows the conveyor-belt circulation.
Prelims trap
• AMOC is not a wind-driven current alone; density differences are crucial.
• Global warming does not mean all regions warm uniformly - AMOC weakening may cool some regions like Europe.
#CA2026
#GEOGRAPHY
#GS2mains
👇👇
• A large system of ocean currents in the Atlantic Ocean acting like a global conveyor belt.
• Transfers warm, salty surface water northward and returns cold, dense deep water southward.
• Regulates climate of Europe, North Atlantic and monsoon systems.
How ocean currents work
• Driven mainly by differences in:
1. Temperature (thermo)
2. Salinity (haline)
• Hence called Thermohaline Circulation.
• Cold + salty water —> denser —> sinks.
• Warm water —> lighter —> remains near surface.
Why AMOC is weakening
• Rapid melting of Greenland/Arctic ice adds fresh water to North Atlantic.
• Fresh water lowers salinity and density —> weakens sinking process.
• This slows the conveyor-belt circulation.
Prelims trap
• AMOC is not a wind-driven current alone; density differences are crucial.
• Global warming does not mean all regions warm uniformly - AMOC weakening may cool some regions like Europe.
#CA2026
#GEOGRAPHY
#GS2mains
👇👇
❤4
Forwarded from 🕸️BPSC WEB🕸️ (🕸️CIVILS/BPSC web Support🕸️)
Forwarded from 🕸️BPSC WEB🕸️
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[Option 1]: ❌ — The Inter-State Council was not created to substitute the National Development Council; both serve distinct roles.
[Option 2]: ✅ — The Council was established under Article 263 to promote federal cooperation and strengthen federal provisions.
[Option 3]: ❌ — It is an executive body, not an interface between the Judiciary and Government.
[Option 4]: ❌ — It does not include membership for local customary bodies; it comprises Union and State executives.
—> Established under Article 263 via Presidential Order (1990) on Sarkaria Commission’s recommendation.
—> Chaired by the Prime Minister; includes Chief Ministers, Union Ministers, and Administrators of UTs.
—> Mandate: Investigate disputes, discuss subjects of common interest, and recommend policy coordination.
[Option 2]: ✅ — The Council was established under Article 263 to promote federal cooperation and strengthen federal provisions.
[Option 3]: ❌ — It is an executive body, not an interface between the Judiciary and Government.
[Option 4]: ❌ — It does not include membership for local customary bodies; it comprises Union and State executives.
—> Established under Article 263 via Presidential Order (1990) on Sarkaria Commission’s recommendation.
—> Chaired by the Prime Minister; includes Chief Ministers, Union Ministers, and Administrators of UTs.
—> Mandate: Investigate disputes, discuss subjects of common interest, and recommend policy coordination.
El Niño & Monsoon
• El Niño = abnormal warming of central & eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean; generally weakens India’s south-west monsoon.
• La Niña = abnormal cooling of eastern Pacific; generally supports better monsoon rainfall in India.
• El Niño affects India by disturbing Walker Circulation - the east-west wind circulation across the tropical Pacific.
• During El Niño, moisture transport towards the Indian subcontinent weakens —> below-normal rainfall risk.
• India’s major El Niño-linked deficient monsoon years: 1972, 1982, 1987, 2002, 2009, 2015.
• ENSO phases: El Niño, La Niña, ENSO-neutral.
• IOD = Indian Ocean Dipole: temp. contrast between western and eastern Indian Ocean.
• Positive IOD:
• Western Indian Ocean = warmer than normal
• Eastern Indian Ocean = cooler than normal
• Can partly neutralise El Niño’s negative impact on monsoon.
Concept Link:
• El Niño + Negative IOD —> Strong monsoon suppression
• El Niño + Positive IOD —> Monsoon impact may reduce/partly neutralise.
#CA2026
• El Niño = abnormal warming of central & eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean; generally weakens India’s south-west monsoon.
• La Niña = abnormal cooling of eastern Pacific; generally supports better monsoon rainfall in India.
• El Niño affects India by disturbing Walker Circulation - the east-west wind circulation across the tropical Pacific.
• During El Niño, moisture transport towards the Indian subcontinent weakens —> below-normal rainfall risk.
• India’s major El Niño-linked deficient monsoon years: 1972, 1982, 1987, 2002, 2009, 2015.
• ENSO phases: El Niño, La Niña, ENSO-neutral.
• IOD = Indian Ocean Dipole: temp. contrast between western and eastern Indian Ocean.
• Positive IOD:
• Western Indian Ocean = warmer than normal
• Eastern Indian Ocean = cooler than normal
• Can partly neutralise El Niño’s negative impact on monsoon.
Concept Link:
• El Niño + Negative IOD —> Strong monsoon suppression
• El Niño + Positive IOD —> Monsoon impact may reduce/partly neutralise.
#CA2026
❤3
• Tribhuvan Prasad (T.P.) Singh (1913–1975) was born in Purnia, Bihar; he was a 1936-batch ICS officer and later became India’s first full-time Secretary of the Planning Commission.
• He studied Economics at Patna University and the London School of Economics (LSE); joined ICS service in 1937 and worked extensively in Bihar administration.
• T.P. Singh served as Administrator of the Kosi Project and later held key Union Government posts including Finance Secretary and Agriculture Secretary.
• A new rose variety named “Tribhuvan” has been developed by noted Bengaluru-based rose breeder K.S. Gopalaswamiengar Son (KSG Son).
#BIHARspecial
• He studied Economics at Patna University and the London School of Economics (LSE); joined ICS service in 1937 and worked extensively in Bihar administration.
• T.P. Singh served as Administrator of the Kosi Project and later held key Union Government posts including Finance Secretary and Agriculture Secretary.
• A new rose variety named “Tribhuvan” has been developed by noted Bengaluru-based rose breeder K.S. Gopalaswamiengar Son (KSG Son).
#BIHARspecial
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