❤1
AMCA Project—> NEXT-GEN stealth fighter aircraft
Ghatak—> UCAVs
Link:- https://t.me/bpscweb/33361
#CA2026
#DEFENCE
#GS1mains
Ghatak—> UCAVs
Link:- https://t.me/bpscweb/33361
#CA2026
#DEFENCE
#GS1mains
PRELIMS:- #CA2026
Traditional satellites
• Use either Optical OR SAR
• Optical —> fails in cloud/dark
• SAR —> works always but less clear images
Drishti (New)
• Optical + SAR together (same satellite)
• Same place + same time imaging (synchronised)
Working of Drishti
• Optical —> sunlight-based image
• SAR —> microwave-based (penetrates clouds)
• Output —> combined (fused) image
Benefit of Drishti
• All-weather + day-night observation
• No time gap error
• More accurate & reliable data
• Will provide continuous, accurate Earth observation (no weather limitation)
• Use —> disaster, defence, agriculture
MAINS:- #GS2mains
• India’s private space ecosystem led by IN-SPACe (regulation) and NSIL (commercialisation) is enabling startups like GalaxEye to develop advanced technologies such as Opto-SAR satellites.
• This complements ISRO by boosting innovation, reducing dependency, and strengthening India’s strategic and geospatial capabilities.
#SPACE
#CA2026
👇🏻👇🏻
Traditional satellites
• Use either Optical OR SAR
• Optical —> fails in cloud/dark
• SAR —> works always but less clear images
Drishti (New)
• Optical + SAR together (same satellite)
• Same place + same time imaging (synchronised)
Working of Drishti
• Optical —> sunlight-based image
• SAR —> microwave-based (penetrates clouds)
• Output —> combined (fused) image
Benefit of Drishti
• All-weather + day-night observation
• No time gap error
• More accurate & reliable data
• Will provide continuous, accurate Earth observation (no weather limitation)
• Use —> disaster, defence, agriculture
MAINS:- #GS2mains
• India’s private space ecosystem led by IN-SPACe (regulation) and NSIL (commercialisation) is enabling startups like GalaxEye to develop advanced technologies such as Opto-SAR satellites.
• This complements ISRO by boosting innovation, reducing dependency, and strengthening India’s strategic and geospatial capabilities.
#SPACE
#CA2026
👇🏻👇🏻
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CHANAKYA Drone Swarm
• Indigenous AI-driven swarm autonomy framework (L&T)
• Not a drone —> acts as “digital brain” for UAV swarm
• Shift: Remote-controlled UAVs —> Autonomous systems
Working Mechanism
• Decentralised architecture (no central command node)
• Local data processing —> less dependence on satellite links
• Drones share data & self-organise in real-time
Key Functional Features:
• Autonomous brain: minimal human input
• Role assignment: scout / jammer / decoy / striker
Operational Strengths:
• Compressed kill-chain —> faster “sensor-to-shooter” loop
• Resilience: works even if drones are destroyed/jammed
• Self-reconfiguration of swarm instantly
Strategic Utility:
• Border dominance (LoC & LAC)
• Persistent surveillance in difficult terrain
• Reduces risk to soldiers
Strategic Shift:
• Change in India’s military DNA
• Reduces dependence on foreign tech
• Enhances private sector role in defence
Relate:- https://t.me/bpscweb/33074
Link: https://t.me/bpscweb/43223
#CA2026
• Indigenous AI-driven swarm autonomy framework (L&T)
• Not a drone —> acts as “digital brain” for UAV swarm
• Shift: Remote-controlled UAVs —> Autonomous systems
Working Mechanism
• Decentralised architecture (no central command node)
• Local data processing —> less dependence on satellite links
• Drones share data & self-organise in real-time
Key Functional Features:
• Autonomous brain: minimal human input
• Role assignment: scout / jammer / decoy / striker
Operational Strengths:
• Compressed kill-chain —> faster “sensor-to-shooter” loop
• Resilience: works even if drones are destroyed/jammed
• Self-reconfiguration of swarm instantly
Strategic Utility:
• Border dominance (LoC & LAC)
• Persistent surveillance in difficult terrain
• Reduces risk to soldiers
Strategic Shift:
• Change in India’s military DNA
• Reduces dependence on foreign tech
• Enhances private sector role in defence
Relate:- https://t.me/bpscweb/33074
Link: https://t.me/bpscweb/43223
#CA2026
❤3
SHANTI Act & Civil Nuclear Sector
• SHANTI: Enables private sector entry into India’s civil nuclear power sector (earlier dominated by govt entities).
DAE (Department of Atomic Energy): Retains nodal authority under the Act.
AERB (Atomic Energy Regulatory Board):
• Gets enhanced statutory role (earlier dependent on DAE for budget/admin).
• Now—>more independent regulator.
Key Issue:
• Conflict of interest —> DAE controls entire supply chain (R&D —> fuel —> waste).
• Demand for separation of regulator & operator roles.
Administrative Division (likely):
• Imported tech reactors (LWR/PWR) —> Ministry of Power oversight
• Indigenous PHWR reactors —> remain under DAE
Liability Clause:
• Key supplier liability provision diluted/omitted —> reduces risk for foreign vendors
• Linked to earlier concerns under Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010
Current Nuclear Status (India):
• Installed capacity ≈ 8.7 GWe (~1.6% of total power)
• Target: 100 GW by 2047
• ~6600 MWe under construction
• SHANTI: Enables private sector entry into India’s civil nuclear power sector (earlier dominated by govt entities).
DAE (Department of Atomic Energy): Retains nodal authority under the Act.
AERB (Atomic Energy Regulatory Board):
• Gets enhanced statutory role (earlier dependent on DAE for budget/admin).
• Now—>more independent regulator.
Key Issue:
• Conflict of interest —> DAE controls entire supply chain (R&D —> fuel —> waste).
• Demand for separation of regulator & operator roles.
Administrative Division (likely):
• Imported tech reactors (LWR/PWR) —> Ministry of Power oversight
• Indigenous PHWR reactors —> remain under DAE
Liability Clause:
• Key supplier liability provision diluted/omitted —> reduces risk for foreign vendors
• Linked to earlier concerns under Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010
Current Nuclear Status (India):
• Installed capacity ≈ 8.7 GWe (~1.6% of total power)
• Target: 100 GW by 2047
• ~6600 MWe under construction
❤3
South Coast Railway (SCoR) = India’s 18th railway zone, HQ Visakhapatnam, formed by carving high freight-rich coastal divisions from ECoR and SCR.
Key Divisions:
• Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Guntur, Guntakal
Why important:
• Covers coastal + mineral-rich belt —> high freight potential
• Linked to major ports (Vizag)
Controversy:
• Odisha opposes —> loss of freight-rich areas from ECoR
• ECoR earns >90% revenue from freight --> reason for Odisha’s opposition
• Issue linked to inter-state resource and revenue sharing
#CA2026
Key Divisions:
• Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Guntur, Guntakal
Why important:
• Covers coastal + mineral-rich belt —> high freight potential
• Linked to major ports (Vizag)
Controversy:
• Odisha opposes —> loss of freight-rich areas from ECoR
• ECoR earns >90% revenue from freight --> reason for Odisha’s opposition
• Issue linked to inter-state resource and revenue sharing
#CA2026
Semaglutide (GLP-1 drugs):
• Semaglutide —> a GLP-1 receptor agonist used for Type-2 Diabetes + obesity (weight loss).
• Works by —> ↑ insulin secretion, ↓ glucagon, slows gastric emptying —> appetite suppression.
Drug Class & Examples:
• GLP-1 analogues: Semaglutide, Liraglutide, Tirzepatide (dual GIP + GLP-1)
Prelims Traps:
• Not for Type-1 diabetes
• Not a fat burner —> acts hormonally
Link: https://t.me/civils_web/12555
#CA2026
• Semaglutide —> a GLP-1 receptor agonist used for Type-2 Diabetes + obesity (weight loss).
• Works by —> ↑ insulin secretion, ↓ glucagon, slows gastric emptying —> appetite suppression.
Drug Class & Examples:
• GLP-1 analogues: Semaglutide, Liraglutide, Tirzepatide (dual GIP + GLP-1)
Prelims Traps:
• Not for Type-1 diabetes
• Not a fat burner —> acts hormonally
Link: https://t.me/civils_web/12555
#CA2026
Dengue:-
• Caused by Dengue virus (Flavivirus); transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito (day-biter)
• Four serotypes: DENV-1, 2, 3, 4 —> infection by one ≠ immunity to others
• Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE): prior infection can worsen severity on reinfection
• Severe dengue linked to immune overreaction + vascular leakage
• Urban disease: thrives in clean stagnant water, rapid urbanisation
• Climate change —> expands mosquito habitat (temperature + rainfall sensitive)
Newspaper takeaways:
• COMBAT project: Indo-EU initiative —> studies why dengue turns severe
• Uses AI + single-cell sequencing + biomarkers —> decode host response
• Organ-on-chip: lab simulation of human organs (no human testing)
• Qdenga (TAK-003): approved in India (18–60 yrs), ~84% efficacy, no pre-screening
• ICMR ‘DengiAll’: Phase-III, single-dose recombinant vaccine
• Key hurdle: ADE + 4 serotypes —> vaccine complexity
Link: https://t.me/bpscweb/43430
#CA2026
• Caused by Dengue virus (Flavivirus); transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito (day-biter)
• Four serotypes: DENV-1, 2, 3, 4 —> infection by one ≠ immunity to others
• Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE): prior infection can worsen severity on reinfection
• Severe dengue linked to immune overreaction + vascular leakage
• Urban disease: thrives in clean stagnant water, rapid urbanisation
• Climate change —> expands mosquito habitat (temperature + rainfall sensitive)
Newspaper takeaways:
• COMBAT project: Indo-EU initiative —> studies why dengue turns severe
• Uses AI + single-cell sequencing + biomarkers —> decode host response
• Organ-on-chip: lab simulation of human organs (no human testing)
• Qdenga (TAK-003): approved in India (18–60 yrs), ~84% efficacy, no pre-screening
• ICMR ‘DengiAll’: Phase-III, single-dose recombinant vaccine
• Key hurdle: ADE + 4 serotypes —> vaccine complexity
Link: https://t.me/bpscweb/43430
#CA2026
❤1
The 2026 Davis Cup Final 8 will take place in Bologna, Italy from 24-29 November.
A total of 14 teams will compete in seven home-or-away ties, with the seven winners joining Italy in the Final 8.
Italy was crowned Davis Cup champion for the third consecutive year in 2025 after defeating Spain in the final.
#CA2025
#SPORTS
👇👇
A total of 14 teams will compete in seven home-or-away ties, with the seven winners joining Italy in the Final 8.
Italy was crowned Davis Cup champion for the third consecutive year in 2025 after defeating Spain in the final.
#CA2025
#SPORTS
👇👇