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Hor Sereng authored by Pandit Raghunath Murmu

Olchiki Script:

- is the official writing system for Santali, an Austroasiatic language recognized as an official regional language in India.

- It was invented by Pandit Raghunath Murmu in 1925.

- It has 30 letters, the design of which is intended to evoke natural shapes.

- The script is written from left to right, and has two styles (the print Chapa style and cursive Usara style).

-  The script is unicameral (that is, it does not have separate sets of uppercase and lowercase letters).

#CA2026

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Tensions in the neighborhood

Pakistan declares open war on Afghanistan

Some Important locations:

1. Durand line : Border btw Af-Pak
2. Wakhan Corridor : narrow strip of land in Afghanistan’s Badakhshan province, sharing its border with Gilgit Baltistan (under PoJK)
3. Nangarhar Province ( Afg)
4. Khost, Paktika and Paktia Provinces (Afg)
5. Kandahar and Capital Kabul (Afg)
6. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province ( Pak)
7. Nowshera and Abottabad (Pak)


#mapping
#prelims
🔬 Celebrating the Spirit of Discovery!

On 28 February, we mark National Science Day to honour the discovery of the Raman Effect by Sir C. V. Raman in 1928—a breakthrough that earned India its first Nobel Prize in Physics (1930) and placed Indian science on the global map.

From laboratories to launchpads, from research to real-world impact—science continues to power India’s progress. 🚀

Let’s celebrate curiosity, innovation, and the relentless pursuit of knowledge that shapes a stronger, self-reliant, and future-ready nation.

#NationalScienceDay #CVRaman #RamanEffect #Innovation #ScienceForIndia
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APPROPRIATION BILL
Constitutional Basis:
• Article 114
• Article 266(3) – No withdrawal from Consolidated Fund without law

Meaning:
Authorizes withdrawal of money from the Consolidated Fund of India (CFI) after Demands for Grants are voted.

What it includes:
1. Voted expenditure (Lok Sabha approved)
2. Charged expenditure (not voted, only discussed)

Charged Expenditure examples:
• President salary
• SC/HC judges salary
• CAG
• Interest on govt debt
• UPSC, Election Commission

Nature:
- Money Bill (Art 110)
- Introduced only in Lok Sabha
- President’s recommendation required
- Rajya Sabha cannot amend (14 days limit)
- President cannot return

Trap for Prelims:
Originates in RS – No
President can veto – No
Deals with taxation – No
Introduced before voting – No

Flow:
Budget —> Demands for Grants —> Appropriation Bill —> Assent —> Withdrawal from CFI

#BIHARspecial
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Appropriation bill

Source: Laxmikanth

#POLITY
PYQs on Appropriation bill

#PYQ
#POLITY